Table 3.

Mean effects of solution Cd concentration, AM inoculation, and grafting combination on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), and electrolyte leakage in tomato leaves.

Treatment	H2O2	MDA	Electrolyte
	(μmol g-1f.w.)	(nmol g-1f.w.)	leakage (%)
Cd level (μM)
0	4.28	4.65	68.18
25	5.59	5.95	74.10
AM fungi
−AM	4.84	5.22	70.71
+AM	5.03	5.39	71.57
Grafting combinationa
I/I	5.23	5.40	73.23
I/M	4.64	5.21	69.05
Significanceb
Cd	***	***	**
AM fungi (M)	NS	NS	NS
Grafting (G)	*	*	*
Cd × M	NS	NS	NS
Cd × G	*	NS	NS
Cd × M	NS	NS	NS
Cd × M × G	NS	NS	NS

^aI/I = self-grafted Ikram cultivar; I/M = Ikram cultivar grafted onto Maxifort rootstock.

^bNS, Non-significant; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.