Table 1.
Descriptive statistics for the full sample and age 2 profiles.
| Percent or Mean (Standard Deviation) |
Test for Sig. Diff | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full Sample | “At Risk” Sample | High Investors | Average Investors | Television Focused | High Inv. Freq. Spank. | ||
| Child race/ethnicity | *** | ||||||
| White | 41.4 | 38.7 | 47.3 | 42.0 | 24.2 | 43.8 | |
| African-American | 15.8 | 26.5 | 8.1 | 12.5 | 20.8 | 18.8 | |
| Latino/a | 20.0 | 16.4 | 14.0 | 22.7 | 37.1 | 11.5 | |
| Asian-American | 10.8 | 4.9 | 21.2 | 10.5 | 11.8 | 14.9 | |
| Other race/ethnicity | 12.0 | 13.5 | 9.4 | 12.3 | 6.2 | 11.0 | |
| Gender (female) | 49.4 | 44.1 | 50.5 | 51.6 | 53.4 | 44.7 | *** |
| Age of first non-parental care | 5.38 (5.29) | 5.50 (5.46) | 5.41 (5.41) | 5.37 (5.21) | 4.36 (4.05) | 5.35 (5.69) | ns |
| Childcare at age 2 | *** | ||||||
| Parental care | 60.0 | 59.7 | 65.3 | 56.7 | 75.0 | 63.8 | |
| Relative care | 15.2 | 17.2 | 11.8 | 16.1 | 14.3 | 10.2 | |
| Non-relative care | 11.5 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 13.3 | 7.8 | 9.6 | |
| Center-based care | 13.3 | 13.2 | 13.1 | 13.9 | 2.9 | 16.4 | |
| Temperament (age 2) | 10.62 (4.55) | 12.11 (4.43) | 9.58 (4.31) | 10.19 (4.54) | 10.60 (4.15) | 10.88 (4.34) | *** |
| Cognitive skills/10 (age 2) | 12.57 (1.08) | 12.44 (1.03) | 13.00 (1.07) | 12.53 (1.08) | 12.34 (1.13) | 12.73 (1.06) | *** |
| Preschool enrollment (age 4) | 61.7 | 56.4 | 71.4 | 61.8 | 57.9 | 66.3 | *** |
| Immigrant parent | 26.6 | 15.1 | 33.4 | 29.7 | 38.8 | 25.0 | *** |
| Parents’ marital status | *** | ||||||
| Married | 68.4 | 58.7 | 83.1 | 69.4 | 60.6 | 70.7 | |
| Separated/divorced | 10.1 | 11.0 | 6.5 | 10.4 | 9.1 | 11.3 | |
| Single | 19.1 | 27.1 | 9.2 | 17.7 | 28.6 | 15.6 | |
| Non-biological | 2.4 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 2.4 | |
| Parents’ depressive sympt. | 4.97 (5.64) | 5.84 (5.99) | 4.10 (5.03) | 4.74 (5.53) | 5.95 (6.78) | 4.85 (5.04) | *** |
| Parents’ highest education | *** | ||||||
| Less than high school | 8.8 | 10.5 | 3.3 | 9.3 | 17.4 | 3.4 | |
| High school or equivalent | 23.2 | 32.3 | 9.8 | 21.9 | 38.2 | 17.4 | |
| Some college | 29.8 | 33.5 | 17.7 | 31.2 | 22.5 | 33.5 | |
| Bachelors | 18.7 | 15.8 | 25.1 | 18.7 | 11.8 | 19.3 | |
| Graduate school | 19.5 | 7.9 | 44.1 | 18.9 | 10.1 | 26.4 | |
| Mothers’ employment status | *** | ||||||
| Full time | 44.7 | 46.1 | 36.9 | 46.1 | 42.1 | 42.8 | |
| Part time | 19.1 | 16.6 | 23.4 | 19.0 | 14.0 | 24.5 | |
| Unemployed | 36.2 | 37.3 | 39.7 | 34.9 | 43.9 | 32.7 | |
| Mothers’ age | 33.80 (6.99) | 31.50 (7.04) | 36.03 (6.17) | 34.37 (6.94) | 32.31 (6.36) | 33.97 (6.60) | *** |
| Home language (English) | 79.5 | 88.3 | 75.8 | 77.0 | 65.2 | 84.6 | *** |
| Household income | 8.18 (3.43) | 7.11 (3.36) | 9.76 (2.98) | 8.31 (3.41) | 6.85 (3.46) | 8.79 (3.05) | *** |
| Household size | 4.67 (1.43) | 4.64 (1.53) | 4.62 (1.21) | 4.70 (1.43) | 4.74 (1.54) | 4.51 (1.46) | ns |
| Region | *** | ||||||
| Northeast | 13.4 | 7.6 | 16.8 | 15.4 | 13.5 | 11.1 | |
| Midwest | 23.7 | 21.6 | 25.9 | 24.7 | 18.5 | 18.3 | |
| West | 26.5 | 20.7 | 30.9 | 27.5 | 40.4 | 24.5 | |
| South | 36.4 | 50.1 | 26.4 | 32.4 | 27.6 | 46.1 | |
| Urbanicity | *** | ||||||
| Urbanized areas | 70.2 | 61.9 | 83.1 | 70.1 | 84.2 | 70.9 | |
| Rural | 17.0 | 23.8 | 9.4 | 16.4 | 8.2 | 14.6 | |
| Urban clusters | 12.8 | 14.3 | 7.5 | 13.5 | 7.6 | 14.5 | |
Note. Unless otherwise noted, all variables were from the kindergarten wave.
*** p < .001.
ns = not significant.