. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Early Child Res Q. 2015 3rd Quarter;32:139–149. doi: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.03.005

Table 3.

Latent profiles of parenting across the early years of childhood

		Kindergarten Wave Parenting Profiles
		“At-Risk” (n = 700)	High Investors (n = 650)	Average I nvestors (n = 3,900)	Television-Focused (n = 150)	Moderate Spankers (n = 850)	Overall (n = 6,250)
Age 2 Parenting Profiles	“At-Risk” (n = 1,550)	23%	5%	49%	2%	21%	100%
	High Investors (n = 850)	3%	23%	64%	1%	9%	100%
	Average Investors (n = 3,450)	6%	11%	70%	2%	11%	100%
	Television-Focused (n = 200)	6%	2%	69%	9%	14%	100%
	High Investors & Frequent Spankers (n = 200)	18%	13%	51%	0%	18%	100%