Table 2.

Performance on written expression measures.

	HFA	OO	TD	F	p	ηp2	Tukey
N	30	27	29
TOWL-3 subtests:
Contextual Conventions	10.10	11.22	10.34	0.99	0.38	0.02
	(3.53)	(3.41)	(2.62)
	(3–19)	(4–18)	(6–16)
Contextual Language	10.47	11.89	12.24	2.36	0.10	0.05
	(3.40)	(3.12)	(3.42)
	(5–18)	(7–18)	(4–20)
Story Construction	9.83	11.19	10.79	2.33	0.10	0.05
	(2.69)	(1.86)	(2.65)
	(5–17)	(8–16)	(7–17)
Lexical Variables:
Length in words	145.79	190.38	198.67	1.66	0.20	0.04
	(100.48)	(133.65)	(91.75)
	(42–487)	(61–619)	(47–385)
Length in sentences	9.14	15.69	15.19	4.33	0.02	0.10	HFA<OO, TD
	(6.80)	(11.03)	(8.01)
	(1–30)	(3–48)	(1–35)
Mean sentence length	15.68	13.20	15.18	1.10	0.34	0.03
	(6.55)	(4.98)	(7.51)
	(6.6–39.5)	(6.4–23.3)	(7.3–47)
Mean word length	4.29	4.19	4.16	1.23	0.30	0.03
	(0.38)	(0.29)	(0.29)
	(3.5–5)	(3.5–4.8)	(3.6–5.1)
Pragmatic Variables:
Social words	7.15	8.65	8.42	1.01	0.37	0.03
	(4.53)	(3.64)	(4.42)
	(0–17.4)	(0–14.4)	(1.9–20.7)
Positive emotion words	0.86	1.03	1.48	1.81	0.17	0.04
	(0.92)	(1.12)	(1.62)
	(0–2.9)	(0–3.7)	(0–7.1)
Negative emotion words	2.29	2.17	1.10	1.56	0.22	0.04
	(3.46)	(3.06)	(1.07)
	(0–13.4)	(0–13.3)	(0–3.8)
Cognitive words	6.15	5.22	5.84	0.80	0.45	0.02
	(3.01)	(2.25)	(2.93)
	(1.2–11.7)	(1.0–11.2)	(1.3–12.0)
Causal attributions	1.50	0.73	0.83	1.35	0.29	0.14
	(2.51)	(0.75)	(1.33)
	(0–6)	(0–5)	(0–5)

Note. Table reports means, followed by SDs and ranges. TOWL-3 subtest mean=10, SD=3. Contextual Conventions measures conventional aspects of writing (e.g., punctuation, spelling, etc.). Contextual Language measures linguistic aspects of writing (e.g., sentence structure, vocabulary, etc.). Story Construction measures conceptual aspects of writing (e.g., use of prose, plot, etc.). Lexical variables were used to measure length of narrative by assessing total number of words and sentences (“length in words” and “length in sentences,” respectively), as well as the average number of words per sentence (“mean sentence length”) and characters per word (“mean word length”). Pragmatic variables included: percentage of words describing social processes (“social words”), positive emotions (“positive emotion words”), negative emotions (“negative emotions words”), cognitive processes (“cognitive words”) and causes of an action (“causal attributions”) relative to the total number of words in narrative.