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. 2015 Apr 27;15(5):9915–9927. doi: 10.3390/s150509915

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Vertical configured electrical detection system for HIV-1 virus. (A) Schematic diagram of an electrical detection system based on STM and its topography and the tunneling current profile of dispersed Au nanoparticle-antibody complexes based on immunoreactions; (B) Topographic images and current profile of: (a) bare gold surface and (b,c) biosurface fabricated with localized fragment antibody/target (HIV-1 VLPs)/Au nanoparticle-antibody complex. Figure reproduced with permission from [20], © 2014 American Scientific Publisher.