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Schematic representation of direct immobilization of antibodies genetically modified with cysteines on a gold surface. A series of protein Gs containing two repeated IgG binding domains (B1 and B2) and a various numbers of cysteine amino acids, (Cys)1, (Cys)2, and (Cys)3, were genetically constructed, expressed/purified from E. coli, and subsequently analyzed using SPR biosensor. Adapted from [110].
