Table 4. Relative risks (and 95% CIs) of colorectal cancer by quintile (Q) of carbohydrate intake1.
| Cancer site | Cases | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | P for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | ||||||
| Men | ||||||
| Colorectal cancer | ||||||
| Basic model2 | 1293 | 0.89 (0.75, 1.06) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.15) | 0.84 (0.70, 1.00) | 0.72 (0.60, 0.86) | <0.001 |
| Basic model 13 | 1166 | 0.91 (0.76, 1.10) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.12) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.01) | 0.75 (0.62, 0.91) | 0.003 |
| Multivariate model 14 | 1166 | 0.94 (0.79, 1.14) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.19) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.08) | 0.82 (0.68, 1.00) | 0.044 |
| Multivariate model 25 | 1166 | 1.08 (0.89, 1.32) | 1.19 (0.97, 1.47) | 1.12 (0.89, 1.41) | 1.09 (0.84, 1.40) | 0.603 |
| Colon cancer | ||||||
| Basic model | 925 | 0.86 (0.70, 1.06) | 0.99 (0.81, 1.21) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.09) | 0.76 (0.61, 0.94) | 0.027 |
| Basic model 1 | 835 | 0.88 (0.70, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.20) | 0.90 (0.72, 1.11) | 0.80 (0.64, 1.00) | 0.083 |
| Multivariate model 1 | 835 | 0.90 (0.72, 1.13) | 1.01 (0.82, 1.26) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.19) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.10) | 0.365 |
| Multivariate model 2 | 835 | 1.02 (0.81, 1.30) | 1.20 (0.93, 1.53) | 1.16 (0.89, 1.52) | 1.10 (0.81, 1.49) | 0.452 |
| Rectal cancer | ||||||
| Basic model | 354 | 0.92 (0.66, 1.27) | 0.91 (0.66, 1.26) | 0.68 (0.48, 0.95) | 0.60 (0.42, 0.85) | 0.001 |
| Basic model 1 | 318 | 0.94 (0.67, 1.32) | 0.87 (0.61, 1.22) | 0.67 (0.46, 0.96) | 0.62 (0.43, 0.91) | 0.002 |
| Multivariate model 1 | 318 | 0.99 (0.70, 1.39) | 0.92 (0.65, 1.31) | 0.72 (0.50, 1.05) | 0.68 (0.47, 1.00) | 0.014 |
| Multivariate model 2 | 318 | 1.15 (0.80, 167) | 1.15 (0.78, 1.71) | 0.96 (0.62, 1.49) | 0.98 (0.60, 1.59) | 0.642 |
| Women | ||||||
| Colorectal cancer | ||||||
| Basic model | 1086 | 0.86 (0.71, 1.03) | 0.88 (0.73, 1.06) | 0.75 (0.62, 0.90) | 0.61 (0.50, 0.75) | <0.001 |
| Basic model 1 | 920 | 0.85 (0.69, 1.04) | 0.86 (0.71, 1.05) | 0.76 (0.62, 0.94) | 0.62 (0.50, 0.78) | <0.001 |
| Multivariate model 1 | 920 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.13) | 0.83 (0.67, 1.03) | 0.70 (0.55, 0.87) | 0.002 |
| Multivariate model 2 | 920 | 0.91 (0.73, 1.13) | 0.95 (0.76, 1.19) | 0.86 (0.67, 1.10) | 0.71 (0.53, 0.95) | 0.025 |
| Colon cancer | ||||||
| Basic model | 857 | 0.85 (0.69, 1.04) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.10) | 0.76 (0.61, 0.94) | 0.60 (0.48, 0.76) | <0.001 |
| Basic model 1 | 717 | 0.86 (0.68, 1.08) | 0.86 (0.68, 1.07) | 0.78 (0.61, 0.98) | 0.60 (0.47, 0.76) | <0.001 |
| Multivariate model 1 | 717 | 0.88 (0.70, 1.11 | 0.91 (0.72, 1.14) | 0.83 (0.66, 1.06) | 0.66 (0.51, 0.86) | 0.003 |
| Multivariate model 2 | 717 | 0.92 (0.72, 1.16) | 0.94 (0.73, 1.22) | 0.87 (0.66, 1.15) | 0.69 (0.50, 0.96) | 0.038 |
| Rectal cancer | ||||||
| Basic model | 224 | 0.92 (0.62, 1.37) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.25) | 0.66 (0.43, 1.02) | 0.67 (0.43, 1.04) | 0.029 |
| Basic model 1 | 198 | 0.83 (0.54, 1.29) | 0.91 (0.59, 1.39) | 0.67 (0.42, 1.06) | 0.71 (0.45, 1.13) | 0.101 |
| Multivariate model 1 | 198 | 0.89 (0.57, 1.38 | 1.01 (0.66, 1.57) | 0.76 (0.48, 1.22) | 0.85 (0.53, 1.36) | 0.395 |
| Multivariate model 2 | 198 | 0.91 (0.57, 1.45) | 1.01 (0.62, 1.64) | 0.74 (0.43, 1.27) | 0.78 (0.42, 1.44) | 0.337 |
Energy-adjusted carbohydrate intake was determined by the residual method. Q2 through Q5 adjusted carbohydrate intake values were 243.9 to <273.4, 273.4 to <299.2, 299.2 to <331.2, and ≥331.2 g/d, respectively, in men and 210.7 to <234.5, 234.5 to <255.7, 255.7 to <281.1, and ≥281.1 g/d, respectively, in women.
Cox regression models adjusted for age, ethnicity, and time since cohort entry (all such).
Cox regression models adjusted for age, ethnicity, and time since cohort entry; restricted to subjects with no missing values for family history of colorectal cancer, history of colorectal polyp, pack-years of cigarette smoking, BMI, hours of vigorous activity, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, multivitamin use, and replacement hormone use (women only) (all such).
Cox regression models adjusted for age, ethnicity, time since cohort entry, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colorectal polyp, pack-years of cigarette smoking, BMI, hours of vigorous activity, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, multivitamin use, energy intake (logarithmically transformed), and replacement hormone use (women only) (all such).
Multivariate model 1 plus adjustment for alcohol, red meat, folate, vitamin D, calcium, and dietary fiber intakes (all such).