Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by diabetes status and gender
| Characteristics | No diabetes | Diabetes | p-value | Men | Women | p-value | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 620 | 239 | 195 | 664 | 859 | ||
| Gender, men n (%) | 140 (22.6) | 55 (23.0) | 0.892 | 195 (100) | - | NA | 195 (22.7) |
| Mean age, years (SD) | 51.0 (13.9) | 58.7 (12.9) | <0.0001 | 54.5 (14.6) | 52.7 (13.9) | 0.140 | 53.1 (14.1) |
| Mean BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 29.4 (7.2) | 31.7 (7.4) | <0.0001 | 26.4 (6.4) | 31.1 (7.2) | <0.0001 | 30.0 (7.3) |
| Mean WHR (SD) | 0.87 (0.10) | 0.92 (0.09) | <0.0001 | 0.93 (0.08) | 0.87 (0.10) | <0.0001 | 0.88 (0.10) |
| Mean SBP, mmHg (SD) | 121 (19) | 130 (23) | <0.0001 | 127 (19) | 123 (21) | 0.016 | 124 (21) |
| Mean DBP, mmHg (SD) | 75 (12) | 76 (13) | 0.073 | 77 (12) | 76 (13) | 0.006 | 75 (12) |
| Hypertension, yes (%) | 336 (54.2) | 156 (65.3) | 0.003 | 94 (48.2) | 398 (59.9) | 0.004 | 492 (57.3) |
| Mean HbA1c, % (SD) | 5.7 (0.4) | 7.8 (2.1) | <0.0001 | 6.3 (1.7) | 6.3 (1.4) | 0.901 | 6.3 (1.5) |
| Mean FBG, mmol/l (SD) | 5.2 (0.7) | 9.8 (4.3) | <0.0001 | 6.4 (3.5) | 6.4 (3.0) | 0.928 | 6.4 (3.1) |
| Mean 2-h glucose, mmol/l (SD) | 6.5 (1.6) | 13.3 (5.0) | <0.0001 | 6.9 (3.0) | 7.8 (3.7) | 0.004 | 7.6 (3.5) |
| Median urine creatinine, mmol/l (25th-75th percentiles) | 8.1 [5.3-12.2] | 7.0 [4.3-11.3 | 0.045 | 10.3 [5.9-14.3] | 7.3 [5.0-11.2] | <0.0001 | 7.9 [5.2-11.9] |
| Median urine Microalbumin, mg/l (25th-75th percentiles) | 3.7 [3.0-9.5] | 7.6 [3.0-28.9] | <0.0001 | 5.7 [3.0-14.9] | 4.1 [3.0-10.4] | 0.093 | 4.4 [3.0-11.3] |
| Median ACR, mg/mmol (25th-75th percentiles) | 0.62 [0.37-1.25] | 1.06 [0.59-3.27] | <0.0001 | 0.67 [0.32-1.79] | 0.77 [0.45-1.54] | 0.123 | 0.75 [0.41-1.57] |
| Median serum creatinine,μmol/l (25th-75th percentiles) | 79 [69-90] | 82 [70-97] | 0.016 | 92 [82-102] | 77 [67-88] | <0.0001 | 80 [69-92] |
| Median eGFR (MDRD), ml/min (SD) | 87.8 [73.7-101.9] | 79.6 [66.6-96.3] | <0.0001 | 91.6 [77.5-105.8] | 84.0 [69.9-98.9] | 0.0001 | 85.8 [71.1-100.7 |
| eGFR (MDRD) <60, n (%) | 43 (6.9) | 36 (15.1) | 0.0002 | 13 (6.7) | 66 (9.9) | 0.164 | 79 (9.2) |
| Median eGFR (CKD-EPI), ml/min (SD) | 94.9 [77.5-110.1] | 82.8 [67.8-103.1] | <0.0001 | 96.5 [78.2-111.6] | 90.0 [71.9-107.5] | 0.033 | 91.2 [72.8-108.8] |
| eGFR (CKD-EPI) <60, n (%) | 39 (6.3) | 34 (14.2) | 0.0002 | 14 (7.2) | 59 (8.9) | 0.453 | 73 (8.5) |
ACR, urinary albumin/creatinine ratio; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease; SD, standard deviation