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. 2015 Jun 22;9:3191–3198. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S78792

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© 2015 Brott et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License

The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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Biomarker comparison of urine from healthy volunteers and subjects with diabetes for A1M, CTGF, Cystatin-C, GSTα, KIM-1, microalbumin, osteopontin, and TFF3.

Note: Each subject is presented as a dot within the dot plots to illustrate the variability as well as differences between healthy volunteers and subjects with diabetes. Yes, subject eventually became microalbuminuric during DIRECT study; No, subject remained normoalbuminuric during DIRECT study.

Abbreviations: A1M, α-1-microglobulin; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; GSTα, glutathione S-transferase α; HV, healthy volunteer; KIM-1, kidney injury marker-1; TFF3, trefoil factor 3.