Table 2.
Studies’ protocol.
| REFERENCE | AGE (Y) BMI (km m−2), VO2peak (ml/kg/min) | EXCLUSIONS CRITERIA | INCLUSIONS CRITERIA | EXERCISE PROTOCOL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gayda et al. 201233 Study design: Randomised crossover Participants: CHF n = 13 |
Age: 59 BMI: 29.5 VO2peak: 17.3 |
• Any contraindications to exercise • Fixed-rate pacemaker or ICD devices with HR limits <exercise target HR • Major cardiovascular event (<3 months) • Chronic atrial fibrillation CHF secondary to significant uncorrected primary valvular disease, congenital heart disease or obstructive cardiomyopathy |
• Age ≥18 y • LVEF <40% • Stage CHF • NYHA class I to III • Stable optimal medical therapy, including BB and ACE inhibitors or ARB • Ability to perform a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test |
Exercise protocol: The following separated by 1 week: • MICE at 60% PPO for 22 mins • HIIE of 2 × 8 min sets consisting of 30 sec at 100% PPO interspersed with 30 sec passive recovery; 4 min passive recovery between sets. Supervision: • Exercise physiologist • Nurse • Cardiologist |
| Meyer et al. 201134 Study design: Randomised crossover Participants: CHF n = 20 |
Age: 60 BMI: 30.1 VO: 17.2 2peak |
• As Gayada et al.31 | • As Gayada et al.31 |
Exercise protocol: • 4 single HIIE sessions consisting of 30 sec or 90 sec at 100% of PPO with active (50% peak aerobic power) or passive recovery between bouts (1:1 ratio). Supervision: • N/R |
| Guiraud et al. 201335 Study design: Randomised crossover Participants: CHF n = 18 |
Age: 53 BMI: 26.9 VO: N/R 2peak |
• As Gayada et al.27 | • As Gayada et al.31 |
Exercise protocol: • MICE at 60% of PPO for 22 mins • HIIE consisted of a warm-up for 2 min at 50% of PPO, followed by 2 × 8 min sets consisting of 30 sec at 100% of PPO interspersed by 30 sec of passive recovery Supervision: • N/R |
| Normandin et al. 201336 Study design: Randomised crossover Participants: CHF n = 20 |
Age: 61 BMI: 29.9 VO2peak: 0.99–1.1 L/min. |
• As Gayada et al.27 | • As Gayada et al.31 • Medications: ACE inhibitors, ARBs, BB, digoxin, furosemide, oral hypoglycaemic agents, insulin, spironolactone |
Exercise protocol: • Identical to Guirard et al. 201329 Supervision: • Exercise physiologist • Cardiologist |
| Tomczak et al. 201137 Study design: Single HIIE protocol Participants: CHF n = 12 (9 completed) |
Age: 49 BMI: 29 VO2peak: 27.3 |
• No exclusion criteria stated | • NYHA I and II, • LVEF <50%, • Clinically stable • No changes in symptoms or medications for at least 3 months (no report of exact medications) • Normal sinus rhythm |
Exercise protocol: • HIIE 4 × 4 min sets at 95% HRmax interspersed with 3 min active recovery (walking 50–70% HRmax). Supervision: • Exercise physiologist • Cardiologist |
| Guiraud et al. 201038 Study design: Randomised crossover Participants: CHD n = 19 |
Age: 65 BMI: 28 VO2peak: 27.1 |
• Acute coronary syndrome (<3 months) • Significant resting ECG abnormality, severe arrhythmias • History of CHF • Uncontrolled hypertension • Recent (<3 months) bypass surgery • Percutaneous coronary inter vention (<6 months) • LV EF (<45%) • Pacemaker • Recent modification of medication (<2 wk) • Musculoskeletal conditions making exercise difficult or contraindicated |
• History of ≥ 70% arterial diameter narrowing of at least one coronary artery • Previous MI • Perfusuion defect on seta MIBI exercise test • Medications: Anti platelet agents, BB, CCB, ACE inhibitors, ARB, statins, nitrates |
Exercise protocol: • HIIE consisting of 15 sec or 60 sec at 100% of maximal aerobic power with active (50% peak aerobic power) or passive recovery between bouts (1:1 ratio) Supervision: Supervision: • Exercise physiologist • Cardiologist |
| Guiraud et al. 201139 Study design: Randomised crossover Participants: CHD n = 19 |
Age: 62 BMI: 27 VO2peak: 28.4 |
• As Guiraud et al. 201036 | • As Guiraud et al. 201036 |
Exercise protocol: • MICE at 70% PPO, mean exercise time of 28.7 min • HIIE consisting of a 10 min warm-up (50 PPO), followed by 2 × 10 min sets composed of repeated phase 15 sec work at 100% PPO 15 sec active recovery (1:1 ratio), 5 min cool-down. Total time of 35 min Supervision: • Exercise physiologist • Nurse • Cardiologist |
| Currie et al. 201240 Study design: Randomised crossover Participants: CAD n = 10 |
Age: 66 BMI:26.8 VO2peak: 28.6 |
• Smoking (<3 months), • Non-cardiac surgical procedure (<2 months), • MI or CABG (<2 months) • PCI within (<1 month), • New York Heart Association class II–IV symptoms of CHF • Valve stenosis • Severe COPD • Symptomatic PAD • Unstable angina • Uncontrolled hypertension • Uncontrolled ventricular dysrhythmia • Premenopausal women • Pregnancy • Musculoskeletal abnormality • Insulin dependent diabetes |
• CAD with stenosis ≥50%, • Previous MI • Percutaneous coronary intervention, • Or CABG • Positive exercise test. • Medications: Anti platelet agents, BB, CCB, ACE inhibitors, ARB, statins, nitrates |
Exercise protocol: • MICE at 55% PPO for 30 min • HIIE consisting of 10 × 1 min sets at 80% PPO, with 1 min active recovery at 10% PPO Supervision: • Supervised in university clinic |
| Whyte et al. 201341 Study design: Randomised crossover Participants: Overweight/obese n = 10 |
Age: 26.9 BMI:29.9 VO2peak: 42 |
• Uncontrolled hypertension. • History of CHD • Family history of early cardiac death • Diabetes |
• Age: 18–40 • BMI: 25–35 • ≤2h/wk regular physical activity |
Exercise protocol: • SIT: 4 × 30 sec “all-out” sprint interspersed with 4.5 min active recovery at 30 W and 4 min cool down period at 30 W • Continues sprint exercise (200 sec): same volume of work (kJ) as SIT • Control: no exercise Supervision: • N/R |
| Gillen et al. 201242 Study design: Crossover design Participants: T2DM n = 7 |
Age: 62 BMI: 30.5 VO2peak: N/R |
• Taking insulin • History of end-stage liver or kidney disease. • Evidence of neuropathy, retinopatathy • Uncontrolled hypertension • CVD • Other contraindication to exercise |
• Sedentary lifestyle • Fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L and/or 2-h oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose ≥11.1 mmol/l. • Medications: Metformin, gliclazide, pioglitazone, sitagliptin, repaglinide. |
Exercise protocol: • 10 × 60 sec sets interspersed with 60 sec of rest. • intensity corresponded to 90% of workload maximum and elicited 85 of maximal HR. Supervision: • N/R |
| Tjonnaetal. 201143 Study design: Training study Participants: Mets n = 28 AIT= 11 CME = 8 Con = 9 |
Age: 52.3 BMI: ~30 VO2peak: 34 |
Not reported | • People with MetS (WHO criteria) • Sedentary lifestyle • Medications: BB, CCB, ACE inhibitors, ARB, statins, metformin, Acetylsalicylic acid |
Exercise protocol: • Acute effects of exercise, before and after 16 wk training, 3 x/week. • AIT consisting of a warm-up for 10 min at 70% HRmax, with × 4 min sets at 90–95% HRmax with 3 min recovery at 70% HRmax. 5 min cool down. • CME consisting of 47 min at 70% HRmax (equal volume) • Control consisting of advice from family doctor Supervision: • N/R |
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; AIT, aerobic interval training; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BB, beta blockers; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery diseases; CCB, calcium channel blockers; CHD, coronary heart disease; CHF, chronic heart failure; CME, continues moderate exercise; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; ECG, electrocardiography; HUE, high intensity interval exercise; HR, heart rate; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MetS, metabolic syndrome; Ml, myocardial infarction; MICE, moderate intensity interval exercise; n, number of participants; N/R, Not reported; NYHA, New York Heart Association classification; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PPO, peak power output; SIT, sprint interval training; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.