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AGS cells were co-cultured with WT, Δggt, ΔvacA, ΔureAB or ΔureAB/ggt at MOI 1:100 for 24 hours. Vacuolating activity was measured using neutral red dye uptake assay. Experiments were performed in triplicates and values represent the means ± SD from 3 independent experiments. *P<0.05.
