TABLE 2.
Relative risk (95% CI) of colorectal cancer by quintile (Q) of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes
| Food group | No. of cases | Q1 (low) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 (high) | P for trend1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | |||||||
| Vegetables and fruit | |||||||
| Median intake (g · 1000 kcal −1 · d−1) | 134.7 | 205.3 | 267.7 | 343.2 | 483.2 | ||
| Adjusted2 | 1138 | 1 | 0.79 (0.66, 0.94) | 0.75 (0.63, 0.89) | 0.71 (0.59, 0.85) | 0.57 (0.47, 0.69) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariate adjusted3 | 1023 | 1 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.06) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.02) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.03) | 0.74 (0.59, 0.93) | 0.018 |
| Vegetables | |||||||
| Median intake (g · 1000 kcal−1 · d−1) | 71.9 | 105.5 | 134.2 | 168.9 | 236.2 | ||
| Adjusted2 | 1138 | 1 | 1.04 (0.88, 1.24) | 0.83 (0.69, 0.99) | 0.80 (0.67, 0.96) | 0.76 (0.63, 0.91) | 0.0002 |
| Multivariate adjusted3 | 1023 | 1 | 1.07 (0.89, 1.28) | 0.86 (0.71, 1.05) | 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.05) | 0.052 |
| Fruit | |||||||
| Median intake (g · 1000 kcal −1 · d−1) | 30.1 | 73.6 | 118.9 | 179.9 | 295.9 | ||
| Adjusted2 | 1138 | 1 | 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) | 0.70 (0.58, 0.84) | 0.66 (0.55, 0.79) | 0.63 (0.53, 0.76) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariate adjusted3 | 1023 | 1 | 0.86 (0.71, 1.05) | 0.78 (0.64, 0.95) | 0.79 (0.64, 0.97) | 0.80 (0.64, 0.99) | 0.089 |
| Grains | |||||||
| Median intake (g · 1000 kcal −1 · d−1) | 73.4 | 106.1 | 140.6 | 192.8 | 290.4 | ||
| Adjusted2 | 1138 | 1 | 0.84 (0.69, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.80, 1.17) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.12) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.05) | 0.226 |
| Multivariate adjusted3 | 1023 | 1 | 0.94 (0.76, 1.16) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.39) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.35) | 0.98 (0.76, 1.26) | 0.794 |
| Women | |||||||
| Vegetables and fruit | |||||||
| Median intake (g · 1000 kcal −1 · d−1) | 176.3 | 267.3 | 346.2 | 440.0 | 608.1 | ||
| Adjusted2 | 972 | 1 | 0.97 (0.79, 1.19) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.16) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.05) | 0.90 (0.73, 1.10) | 0.191 |
| Multivariate adjusted3 | 802 | 1 | 1.04 (0.82, 1.30) | 1.04 (0.83, 1.31) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.20) | 1.04 (0.81, 1.33) | 0.995 |
| Vegetables | |||||||
| Median intake (g · 1000 kcal −1 · d−1) | 85.5 | 125.8 | 160.5 | 202.7 | 286.5 | ||
| Adjusted2 | 972 | 1 | 0.89 (0.73, 1.08) | 0.81 (0.66, 0.99) | 0.95 (0.78, 1.15) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.04) | 0.277 |
| Multivariate adjusted3 | 802 | 1 | 0.87 (0.70, 1.09) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.07) | 0.94 (0.76, 1.17) | 0.94 (0.75, 1.17) | 0.920 |
| Fruit | |||||||
| Median intake (g · 1000 kcal −1 · d−1) | 47.5 | 108.5 | 168.5 | 243.4 | 381.5 | ||
| Adjusted2 | 972 | 1 | 0.85 (0.69, 1.04) | 0.94 (0.77, 1.15) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.07) | 0.79 (0.64, 0.97) | 0.046 |
| Multivariate adjusted3 | 802 | 1 | 0.85 (0.68, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.25) | 0.97 (0.77, 1.22) | 0.83 (0.65, 1.06) | 0.272 |
| Grains | |||||||
| Median intake (g · 1000 kcal −1 · d−1) | 73.4 | 106.5 | 138.3 | 182.8 | 266.5 | ||
| Adjusted2 | 972 | 1 | 1.12 (0.93, 1.36) | 1.11 (0.91, 1.36) | 0.84 (0.67, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.74, 1.18) | 0.221 |
| Multivariate adjusted3 | 802 | 1 | 1.12 (0.90, 1.40) | 1.19 (0.95, 1.49) | 0.96 (0.75, 1.24) | 1.05 (0.80, 1.38) | 0.913 |
P value for Wald test of trend variables, assigned the median for the appropriate quintile.
Estimated from Cox regression in which age is the time metric, adjusted for ethnicity and time since cohort entry as strata variables and age at cohort entry as an independent variable in the log linear model component.
Estimated from Cox regression in which age is the time metric, adjusted for ethnicity and time since cohort entry as strata variables and age, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colorectal polyp, pack-years of cigarette smoking, BMI, hours of vigorous activity, aspirin use, multivitamin use, replacement hormone use (women), log energy intake, alcohol, red meat, folate, vitamin D, and calcium as independent variables in the log linear model component.