TABLE 3.
Multivariate-adjusted relative risk (95% CI) of colon and rectal cancer by quintile of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes1
| Cancer site and food group | No. of cases | Q1 (low) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 (high) | P for trend2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | |||||||
| Colon | |||||||
| Vegetables and fruit | 734 | 1 | 0.87 (0.69, 1.09) | 0.88 (0.70, 1.11) | 0.89 (0.70, 1.12) | 0.72 (0.55, 0.94) | 0.037 |
| Vegetables | 734 | 1 | 1.03 (0.83, 1.27) | 0.77 (0.61, 0.98) | 0.86 (0.68, 1.08) | 0.80 (0.63, 1.03) | 0.039 |
| Fruit | 734 | 1 | 0.81 (0.64, 1.02) | 0.82 (0.65, 1.04) | 0.82 (0.65, 1.05) | 0.75 (0.58, 0.97) | 0.108 |
| Grains | 734 | 1 | 0.90 (0.70, 1.15) | 1.14 (0.89, 1.45) | 1.08 (0.83, 1.41) | 0.95 (0.70, 1.28) | 0.714 |
| Rectum | |||||||
| Vegetable and fruit | 276 | 1 | 0.90 (0.63, 1.27) | 0.71 (0.49, 1.05) | 0.69 (0.46, 1.03) | 0.72 (0.47, 1.11) | 0.097 |
| Vegetables | 276 | 1 | 1.17 (0.81, 1.68) | 1.05 (0.72, 1.53) | 0.98 (0.66, 1.45) | 0.97 (0.64, 1.46) | 0.586 |
| Fruit | 276 | 1 | 0.95 (0.67, 1.33) | 0.62 (0.44, 0.95) | 0.67 (0.45, 0.99) | 0.80 (0.53, 1.21) | 0.219 |
| Grains | 276 | 1 | 1.05 (0.69, 1.60) | 1.14 (0.75, 1.74) | 1.06 (0.67, 1.67) | 1.05 (0.64, 1.71) | 0.978 |
| Women | |||||||
| Colon | |||||||
| Vegetables and fruit | 617 | 1 | 1.03 (0.79, 1.33) | 1.08 (0.83, 1.40) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.27) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.38) | 0.990 |
| Vegetables | 617 | 1 | 0.89 (0.69, 1.13) | 0.81 (0.63, 1.04) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.15) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.17) | 0.624 |
| Fruit | 617 | 1 | 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) | 1.03 (0.79, 1.33) | 1.03 (0.79, 1.35) | 0.87 (0.65, 1.15) | 0.355 |
| Grains | 617 | 1 | 1.06 (0.82, 1.36) | 1.18 (0.92, 1.52) | 0.86 (0.64, 1.15) | 1.05 (0.78, 1.43) | 0.986 |
| Rectum | |||||||
| Vegetables and fruit | 179 | 1 | 1.16 (0.72, 1.86) | 0.93 (0.57, 1.54) | 0.94 (0.57, 1.57) | 1.10 (0.65, 1.85) | 0.956 |
| Vegetables | 179 | 1 | 0.81 (0.49, 1.35) | 1.06 (0.66, 1.69) | 1.18 (0.74, 1.88) | 1.09 (0.67, 1.77) | 0.415 |
| Fruit | 179 | 1 | 0.60 (0.36, 0.99) | 0.96 (0.61, 1.51) | 0.79 (0.49, 1.28) | 0.77 (0.46, 1.27) | 0.609 |
| Grains | 179 | 1 | 1.45 (0.89, 2.37) | 1.23 (0.73, 2.07) | 1.47 (0.86, 2.50) | 1.09 (0.60, 1.98) | 0.887 |
1
Estimated from Cox regression in which age is the time metric, adjusted for ethnicity and time since cohort entry as strata variables and age, family history of colorectal cancer, history of colorectal polyp, pack-years of cigarette smoking, BMI, hours of vigorous activity, aspirin use, multivitamin use, replacement hormone use (women), log energy intake, alcohol, red meat, folate, vitamin D, and calcium as independent variables in the log linear model component. Intakes were quantified as g · 1000 kcal −1 · d−1.
2
P value for Wald test of trend variables, assigned the median for the appropriate quintile.