Table 3.
Atypical Traits of Infants in the Sample
| ASD Screen, M ± SD or n (%) | Developmental Delay,a M ± SD or n (%) | ||||||
| Total for Each Trait | Positive (n = 13, 21%) | Negative (n = 49, 79%) | Yes (n = 28, 45%) | No (n = 34, 55%) | |||
| Trait | pb | pb | |||||
| Social interactionc | |||||||
| Poor cuddle (N = 56) | 28 (50) | 4 (14) | 24 (86) | .19 | 13 (46) | 15 (54) | .79 |
| Irritability (N = 57) | 27 (47) | 5 (19) | 22 (81) | .66 | 9 (33) | 18 (67) | .13 |
| Poor consolability (N = 33) | 9 (27) | 2 (22) | 7 (78) | .93 | 3 (33) | 6 (67) | .39 |
| Cry | 56 (97) | 12 (21) | 44 (79) | .46 | 24 (43) | 32 (57) | .84 |
| Gaze aversion | 41 (71) | 5 (12) | 36 (88) | .01 | 14 (34) | 27 (66) | .03 |
| Visual locking | 25 (43) | 4 (16) | 21 (84) | .44 | 10 (40) | 15 (60) | .68 |
| Tight blinking | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | .46 | 0 (0) | 2 (100) | .21 |
| Roving eye movements | 46 (79) | 8 (17) | 38 (83) | .23 | 18 (39) | 28 (61) | .23 |
| Endpoint nystagmus | 21 (36) | 1 (5) | 20 (95) | .02 | 5 (24) | 16 (76) | .03 |
| Sustained nystagmus | 7 (12) | 1 (14) | 6 (86) | .66 | 3 (43) | 4 (57) | .99 |
| Obligatory following | 16 (28) | 2 (13) | 14 (87) | .34 | 5(31) | 11 (69) | .26 |
| Hyperalertness | 12 (21) | 4 (33) | 8 (67) | .23 | 4 (33) | 8 (67) | .44 |
| Visual and auditoryc | |||||||
| Auditory animate orientationd (N = 49) | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 2.3 ± 1.0 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | .61 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | .67 |
| Visual animate orientatione (N = 50) | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | .14 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | .18 |
| Auditory inanimate orientationd (N = 50) | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | .55 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | .66 |
| Visual inanimate orientatione (N = 51) | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | .61 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | .53 |
| Visual preference for object over human face (N = 50) | 40 (80) | 6 (15) | 34 (85) | .27 | 16 (40) | 24 (60) | .56 |
| Auditory preference for sound over human voice (N = 48) | 24 (50) | 3 (13) | 21 (87) | .44 | 8 (33) | 16 (67) | .55 |
Note. M = mean; SD = standard deviation.
Developmental delay is defined as a score of <85 on any of the three composite scores (Language, Cognitive, or Motor) on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd ed. bUsed independent samples t tests for continuous variables and χ2 analyses for categorical variables. cN = 58 unless otherwise noted; although the total sample size was 62, not all infants met the requirements for testing all traits. dScaled score: 1 = no auditory orientation, 2 = brightening with shifting of eyes, 3 = head turning to side of stimulus and localizing <2 out of 4 times, or 4 = head turning and finding the stimulus ≥2 out of 4 times. eScaled score: 1 = no visual tracking, 2 = focusing on object with brief following <30°, 3 = tracking ≥30° to one side, or 4 = full tracking to both sides with smooth eye movements.