Table 1.
Association of HIV drug resistance with demographic and behavioral factors.
| Any resistance | Multi-class resistance | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Characteristic | Total 169 |
Yes 48 (28%) |
No 121 (72%) |
P value | Yes 19 (11%) |
No 150 (89%) |
P value |
|
| Age | ≥30 yrs | 47 (28%) | 7 (15%) | 40 (85%) | 0.02 | 0 (0%) | 47 (100%) | 0.002 |
| > 30 yrs | 122 (72%) | 41 (34%) | 81 (66%) | 19 (16%) | 103 (84%) | |||
| Household income | ≥$30,000/yr | 131 (78%) | 35 (27%) | 96 (73%) | 0.37 | 15 (11%) | 116 (89%) | 1.00 |
| > $30,000/yr | 38 (22%) | 13 (34%) | 25 (66%) | 4 (11%) | 34 (89%) | |||
| Employment status | Employed | 32 (19%) | 9 (28%) | 23 (72%) | 0.97 | 4 (13%) | 28 (88%) | 0.76 |
| Unemployed | 137 (81%) | 39 (28%) | 98 (72%) | 15 (11%) | 122 (89%) | |||
| Student | Student | 31 (18%) | 11 (35%) | 20 (65%) | 0.33 | 5 (16%) | 26 (84%) | 0.35 |
| Non-student | 138 (82%) | 37 (27%) | 101 (73%) | 14 (10%) | 124 (90%) | |||
| Health insurance | Yes | 105 (62%) | 32 (30%) | 73 (70%) | 0.44 | 14 (13%) | 91 (87%) | 0.32 |
| No | 64 (38%) | 16 (25%) | 48 (75%) | 5 (8%) | 59 (92%) | |||
| In HIV carea | Yes | 31 (18%) | 15 (48%) | 16 (52%) | 0.006 | 9 (29%) | 22 (71%) | <0.001 |
| No | 138 (82%) | 33 (24%) | 105 (76%) | 10 (7%) | 128 (93%) | |||
| Education | High school or less | 93 (55%) | 26 (28%) | 67 (72%) | 0.89 | 7 (8%) | 86 (92%) | 0.09 |
| At least some college | 76 (45%) | 22 (29%) | 54 (71%) | 12 (16%) | 64 (84%) | |||
| Substance useb | Yes | 84 (51%) | 25 (30%) | 59 (70%) | 0.62 | 8 (10%) | 76 (90%) | 0.72 |
| No | 80 (49%) | 21 (26%) | 59 (74%) | 9 (11%) | 71 (89%) | |||
| Not available | 5 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | |||
| Number of male sexual partnersc | 0–1 | 33 (20%) | 11 (33%) | 22 (67%) | 0.48 | 8 (24%) | 25 (76%) | 0.008 |
| >1 | 136 (80%) | 37 (27%) | 99 (73%) | 11 (8%) | 125 (92%) | |||
| Prior ARTd | Yes | 32 (19%) | 17 (53%) | 15 (47%) | 0.001 | 9 (28%) | 23 (72%) | 0.001 |
| No | 107 (63%) | 27 (25%) | 80 (75%) | 10 (9%) | 97 (91%) | |||
| Reported not being aware of their HIV status | 30 (18%) | 4 (13%) | 26 (87%) | 0 (0%) | 30 (100%) | |||
| Current ARTd | Yes | 21 (12%) | 13 (62%) | 8 (38%) | <0.001 | 8 (38%) | 13 (62%) | <0.001 |
| No | 148 (88%) | 35 (24%) | 113 (76%) | 11 (7%) | 137 (93%) | |||
| City | Atlanta | 30 (18%) | 5 (17%) | 25 (83%) | 0.01 | 3 (10%) | 27 (90%) | 0.09 |
| Boston | 14 (8%) | 7 (50%) | 7 (50%) | 1 (7%) | 13 (93%) | |||
| Los Angeles | 41 (24%) | 17 (41%) | 24 (59%) | 8 (20%) | 33 (80%) | |||
| New York City | 50 (30%) | 10 (20%) | 40 (80%) | 2 (4%) | 48 (96%) | |||
| San Francisco | 10 (6%) | 5 (50%) | 5 (50%) | 3 (30%) | 7 (70%) | |||
| Washington, DC | 24 (14%) | 4 (17%) | 20 (83%) | 2 (8%) | 22 (92%) | |||
The table shows demographic and behavioral characteristics of the 169 men who were included in the sub-study and the results from HIV drug resistance testing. Fisher’s exact and chi-squared tests were used to compare characteristics of men who did vs. did not have any drug resistance, and men who did vs. did not have multi-class drug resistance. P values <0.05 are bolded. Abbreviations: ART: antiretroviral treatment; yr/yrs: year/years.
Enrollment of men who reported that they were in HIV care was capped at 10 per study site.
Substance use included: inhaled nitrates, smoked and power cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, non-prescription drug use (Oxycontin, Vicodin, or Xanax), or any other hallucinogens.
Surveys administered at enrollment included questions about activities in the previous six months.
Thirty-two men reported prior and/or current antiretroviral drug use; all of these men reported a prior HIV diagnosis, and 19 reported that they were in HIV care at the time of study enrollment