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Causes of leaks and fistula
| Leaks | Fistula |
| Iatrogenic (60%) | Malignant (50%) |
| Endoscopy | Benign |
| EVL | Stents |
| Dilatation | Tuberculosis |
| ESD/EMR | Crohn’s |
| POEM | Iatrogenic |
| Spontaneous | Trauma |
| Boerhaave’s | Surgical |
| Foreign body | AIDS |
| Surgical | |
| Trauma |
EVL: Endoscopic variceal ligation; EMR: Endoscopic mucosal resection; ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection; POEM: Peroral endoscopic myotomy; AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
