Table 6.
Risk estimates with one or more passengers, compared with solo driving, by passenger gender for teenage or young drivers (Question 5)
| Type of crash and study | Driver agea | Pass. agea,b | Measure | Drivers with one or more versus 0 male pass.
|
Drivers with one or more versus 0 female pass.
|
Male versus female pass.
|
Detail on type of crash | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Est. | 95% CI | Est. | 95% CI | Est. | 95% CI | |||||
| Fatal crashes | ||||||||||
| Chen et al., 2000 | 16–17 | Any | RR | 1.88 | 1.77–2.00 | 1.08 | 1.01–1.17 | 1.73 | 1.60–1.88 | Per 1,000 crashes |
| Any1 | 1.76 | 1.58–1.95 | 1.08 | .97–1.20 | — | — | ||||
| Any2+ | 2.22 | 1.95–2.51 | 1.11 | .96–1.26 | — | — | ||||
| Ouimet et al., 2010 | 15–20 | 16–20 | RR | 8.16 | 7.57–8.80 | 3.07 | 2.80–3.37 | 2.66 | 2.38–2.97 | Per 10 million VT |
| 16–20m | 7.99 | 7.34–8.69 | 2.97 | 2.63–3.36 | — | — | ||||
| 16–20m | 5.63 | 4.71–6.72 | 3.50 | 3.03–4.05 | — | — | ||||
| 16–20 | 7.95 | 7.37–8.57 | 3.53 | 3.21–3.87 | 2.25 | 2.02–2.52 | Per 10 million VMT | |||
| 16–20f | 9.94 | 9.13–10.81 | 3.29 | 2.91–3.72 | — | — | ||||
| 16–20f | 4.06 | 3.40–4.85 | 4.36 | 3.78–5.04 | — | — | ||||
| Nonfatal and combined fatal/nonfatal crashes | ||||||||||
| Orsi et al., 2013 | ≤24 | Any | OR | 2.71 | 1.74–4.21 | 1.05 | .69–1.58 | 2.58 | 1.52–4.40 | Injury-fatal; with injury versus without injury |
| AOR | 2.08 | 1.29–3.35 | 1.07 | .68–1.69 | — | — | ||||
| Rice et al., 2003 | 16–17 | Teensc | OR | 1.19 | 1.11–1.29 | .78 | .72–.85 | 1.53 | 1.39–1.68 | Visible injury; at fault versus not at fault |
| Teens1 | 1.15 | 1.06–1.26 | .80 | .73–.87 | — | — | ||||
| Teens2 | 1.19 | 1.03–1.38 | .76 | .64–.90 | — | — | ||||
| Teens3+ | 1.49 | 1.22–1.84 | .69 | .53–.90 | — | — | ||||
| Teens | 1.74 | 1.47–2.05 | .90 | .73–1.09 | 1.94 | 1.56–2.41 | Severe-fatal injury; at fault versus not at fault | |||
| Teens1 | 1.67 | 1.38–2.03 | .86 | .68–1.08 | — | — | ||||
| Teens2 | 1.68 | 1.21–2.30 | 1.08 | .72–1.59 | — | — | ||||
| Teens3+ | 2.37 | 1.55–3.52 | .82 | .38–1.56 | — | — | ||||
| Teens1 | AOR | 1.03 | .94–1.12 | .85 | .77–.93 | — | — | Visible injury; at fault versus not at fault | ||
| Teens2 | 1.00 | .86–1.17 | .79 | .67–.94 | — | — | ||||
| Teens3+ | 1.27 | 1.03–1.57 | .69 | .53–.90 | — | — | ||||
| Teens1 | 1.45 | 1.18–1.79 | .92 | .72–1.17 | — | — | Severe-fatal injury; at fault versus not at fault | |||
| Teens2 | 1.17 | .82–1.68 | 1.16 | .78–1.74 | — | — | ||||
| Teens3+ | 1.74 | 1.12–2.69 | .84 | .42–1.67 | — | — | ||||
| Rueda-Domingo et al., 2004 | 18–24m | 16–24 | OR | 1.15 | 1.08–1.23 | .60 | .56–.63 | — | — | Injury-fatal; at fault versus not at fault |
| 18–24f | .99 | .84–1.17 | .86 | .78–.96 | — | — | ||||
| 18–24m | AOR | .95 | .87–1.04 | .63 | .58–.68 | — | — | |||
| 18–24f | .88 | .70–1.11 | .94 | .82–.107 | — | — | ||||
Estimates and CIs that were extracted from articles are not in italics; those that were calculated to answer the specific research questions are in italics. Estimates and CIs were only calculated when there were raw data addressing the specific research questions. Calculations might be affected by both rounding to a few decimals in source articles and adjustment based on sampling, which may results here in narrower intervals that should be interpreted with caution.
CI =confidence interval; + =or more; 1 =1 passenger; 2 =2 passengers; 3 =3 passengers; 4 =95% CI; AOR =adjusted odds ratio; Est. =Estimate; f =female; m =male; OR =odds ratio (or crude odds ratio); Pass. =passenger; RR =relative risk.
Sections about driver and passenger age can also include details about gender and number of passenger if the data were only reported as such in articles.
“Any” describes studies including passengers of any age. When the information about passenger age was not provided, it was assumed that any passenger age was included.
Passengers were described as teenagers, but no specific age range could be identified in the article.