Table 1. Between-group comparisons of cardiometabolic risk factors for the intervention and control group at pre (0 weeks) and post (12 weeks).
| Pre-control/pre-intervention (0 weeks) | Post-control/post-intervention (12 weeks) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 17) | Intervention (n = 26) | P value | Effect size (Hedge’s g) | Mean difference (95%CI) | Control (n = 11) | Intervention (n = 19) | P value | Effect size (Hedge’s g) | Mean difference (95%CI) | |
| Body mass (kg) | 86.1 ± 17.8 | 89.8 ± 21.1 | 0.564 | 0.18 | 3.7 (-9.2 to 16.6) | 82.5 ± 19.5 | 86.9 ± 20.5 | 0.609 | 0.21 | 4.4 (-11.2 to 20.1) |
| Body mass index (kg·m-2) | 31.4 ± 6.6 | 32.2 ± 5.9 | 0.674 | 0.13 | 0.8 (-3.1 to 4.8) | 30.0 ± 6.6 | 31.3 ± 0.9 | 0.724 | 0.31 | 1.3 (-3.5 to 6.0) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.8 ± 10.8 | 93.1 ± 11.7 | 0.930 | 0.03 | 0.3 (-7.1 to 7.7) | 87.2 ± 10.5§ | 87.3 ± 9.8 | 0.910 | 0.01 | 0.1 (-7.7 to 8.0) |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 113.8 ± 11.5 | 116.3 ± 13.3 | 0.537 | 0.19 | 2.5 (-5.7 to 10.7) | 111.1 ± 11.9 | 114.2 ± 13.50 | 0.696 | 0.23 | 3.1 (-6.9 to 13.2) |
| Waist-hip-ratio | 0.81 ± 0.03 | 0.79 ± 0.05 | 0.242 | 0.46 | 0.02 (-0.04 to 0.01) | 0.78 ± 0.03§ | 0.77 ± 0.04 | 0.581 | 0.26 | -0.01 (-0.05 to 0.01) |
| Waist-height-ratio | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.989 | 0.00 | 0.0 (-0.04 to 0.04) | 0.53 ± 0.06§ | 0.53 ± 0.05 | 0.927 | 0.00 | 0.0 (-0.04 to 0.04) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 119 ± 8 | 120 ± 11 | 0.669 | 0.10 | 1.0 (-5.0 to 7.8) | 111 ± 12§ | 116 ± 9 | 0.312 | 0.48 | 5.0 (-2.4 to 13.1) |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 64 ± 8 | 68 ± 6 | 0.115 | 0.10 | 4.0 (-0.8 to 8.1) | 59 ± 5 | 64 ± 9 | 0.108 | 0.62 | 5.0 (-1.5 to 10.3) |
| HDL-cholesterol (mM; mg·dL-1) | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 0.887 | 0.00 | 0.0 (-0.4 to 0.3) | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 1.9 ± 0.5 | 0.706 | 0.19 | -0.1 (-0.4 to 0.3) |
| 65.6 ± 23.1 | 65.6 ± 19.3 | 0.0 (-15.4 to 11.6) | 77.2 ± 19.3 | 73.3 ± 19.3 | -3.8 (-15.4 to 11.6) | |||||
| Triglycerides (mM mg·dL-1)# | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.838 | 0.21 | 0.1 (-0.2 to 0.4) | 1.5 ± 0.6§ | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.255 | 0.15 | -0.1 (-0.7 to 0.3) |
| 106.2 ± 35.4 | 115.0 ± 44.2 | 8.8 (-17.7 to 35.4) | 132.7 ± 53.1 | 123.9 ± 61.9 | -8.8 (-61.9 to 26.5) | |||||
| Fasting glucose (mM; mg·dL-1)# | 4.5 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 0.353 | 0.20 | 0.1 (-0.2 to 0.5) | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 4.6 ± 0.4 | 0.325 | 0.40 | 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.5) |
| 81.1 ± 10.8 | 82.9 ± 7.2 | 1.8 (-3.6 to 9.0) | 79.3 ± 10.8 | 82.9 ± 7.2 | 3.6 (-3.6 to 9.0) | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mM mg·dL-1) | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.6 | 0.645 | 0.17 | 0.1 (-0.3 to 0.5) | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 0.746 | 0.00 | 0.0 (-0.5 to 0.6) |
| 166.0 ± 19.3 | 169.9 ± 23.1 | 3.8 (-11.6 to 19.3) | 166.0 ± 15.4 | 166.0 ± 30.9 | 0.0 (-19,3 to 23.2) | |||||
| Fasting insulin (mU·l-1)# | 8.1 ± 4.4 | 9.4 ± 4.7 | 0.720 | 0.28 | 1.3 (-1.9 to 4.4) | 7.4 ± 2.7 | 8.1 ± 2.6 | 0.203 | 0.26 | 0.7 (-1.3 to 2.8) |
| HOMA-IR | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 1.0 | 0.331 | 0.29 | 0.3 (-0.4 to 0.9) | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 0.614 | 0.39 | 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) |
| hsCRP (mg·l-1)# | 2.9 ± 2.6 | 3.5 ± 3.0 | 0.495 | 0.21 | 0.6 (-1.4 to 2.4) | 3.9 ± 3.7 | 4.6 ± 4.9 | 0.579 | 0.15 | 0.6 (-2.9 to 4.2) |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 67 ± 10 | 76 ± 12 | 0.019* | 0.79 | 9.0 (0.9 to 15.8) | 67 ± 9 | 68 ± 8 | 0.929 | 0.12 | 1.0 (-6.0 to 6.9) |
| Predicted max (l·min-1) | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.5 | 0.515 | 0.74 | -0.3 (-0.7 to 0.1) | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 0.6 £ | 0.347 | 0.49 | 0.3 (-0.2 to 0.7) |
| Predicted max (ml·kg-1·min-1) | 32.0 ± 10.3 | 27.9 ± 7.0 | 0.133 | 0.47 | -4.1 (-9.8 to 1.5) | 31.7 ± 10.9 | 32.6 ± 6.8 £ | 0.245 | 0.10 | 0.9 (-5.7 to 7.5) |
| Physical activity (min·week-1)# | 118 ± 89 | 97 ± 62 | 0.870 | 0.27 | 21 (-73.4 to 30.9) | 121 ± 81 | 280 ± 67 ¥ | < 0.001* | 2.14 | 159 (103.0 to 215.5) |
| Energy (kj; kcal) | 6657 ± 3310 | 6535 ± 2183 | 0.945 | 0.04 | 122 (-2501 to 2255) | 5065 ± 1346 | 5223 ± 1725 | 0.743 | 0.10 | 158 (-1266 to 1581) |
| 1591 ± 791 | 1518 ± 522 | 29 (-598 to 539) | 1210 ± 322 | 1248 ± 412 | 38 (-302 to 378) | |||||
| CHO (g) | 194 ± 87 | 166 ± 74 | 0.386 | 0.34 | 28 (-88.7 to 33.7) | 205 ± 101 | 178 ± 96 | 0.443 | 0.27 | -27 (-112.1 to 59.0) |
| Protein (g)# | 135 ± 93 | 173 ± 86 | 0.097 | 0.42 | 38 (-30.1 to 107.6) | 137 ± 59 | 138 ± 63 | 0.857 | 0.01 | 1.0 (-53.9 to 55.0) |
| Total fat (g)# | 66 ± 38 | 66 ± 34 | 0.734 | 0.00 | 0.0 (-27.9 to 27.6) | 50 ± 13 | 55 ± 14 | 0.457 | 0.36 | 5.0 (-7.0 to 17.0) |
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation
# log10 transformation;
*between-group difference, P ≤ 0.05;
§ within-group difference for control group (pre to post), P ≤ 0.05.
Greater change from baseline to 12 weeks in the intervention versus control group at ¥ P ≤ 0.01 and £ P ≤ 0.05.
BP blood pressure, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hs-CRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, CHO carbohydrates.
Number of participants who were outside the normal range (see Table 2 for values) for adult women at baseline: BMI n = 35, WC n = 39, WHR n = 16, WHtR n = 25, SBP n = 1, HDL-cholesterol n = 7, triglycerides n = 3, total cholesterol n = 1, HOMA-IR n = 13, hsCRP n = 11, predicted max (ml·kg-1·min-1) n = 28, physical activity n = 39.