Table 2. Within-group comparisons of cardiometabolic risk factors for the intervention group at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and sustainability.

				P-values
Variable	Pre-int. (0 weeks) (n = 26)	Post-int. (12 week) (n = 19)	Sustainability (24 week) (n = 19)	Pre-int. vs Post-int.	Pre-int. vs Sustainability	Post-int. vs Sustainability	Population norms/range for adult women
Body mass (kg)	89.8 ± 21.1	86.9 ± 20.5	86.1 ± 20.3	0.791	0.408	0.369	-
Body mass index (kg·m-2)	32.2 ± 5.9	31.3 ± 0.9	31.0 ± 6.1	0.447	0.197	0.291	18.5–24.9 [1]
Waist circumference (cm)	93.1 ± 11.7	87.3 ± 9.8	87.8 ± 9.4	< 0.001*	0.002*	0.696	≤ 80 [11]
Hip circumference (cm)	116.3 ± 13.3	114.2 ± 13.50	114.5 ± 13.9	0.309	0.627	0.734	-
Waist-hip-ratio	0.79 ± 0.05	0.77 ± 0.04	0.77 ± 0.04	0.002*	0.018*	0.998	< 0.80 [1]
Waist-height-ratio	0.56 ± 0.06	0.53 ± 0.05	0.53 ± 0.05	< 0.001*	0.001*	0.841	< 0.50 [35]
Systolic BP (mmHg)	120 ± 11	116 ± 9	116 ± 11	0.047*	0.131	0.967	≤ 130 [11]
Diastolic BP (mmHg)	68 ± 6	64 ± 9	64 ± 6	0.040*	0.050*	0.841	≤ 85 [11]
HDL-cholesterol (mM; mg·dL-1)	1.7 ± 0.5	1.9 ± 0.5	1.9 ± 0.4	0.193	0.386	0.726	≥ 1.29 [11]
	65.6 ± 19.3	73.5 ± 19.3	73.5 ± 15.4				≥ 49.8
Triglycerides (mM; mg·dL-1)#	1.3 ± 0.5	1.4 ± 0.7	1.5 ± 1.0	0.855	0.271	0.221	≤ 1.7 [11]
	115.0 ± 44.2	123.9 ± 61.9	132.7 ± 88.5				≤ 150.4
Fasting glucose (mM; mg·dL-1)#	4.6 ± 0.4	4.6 ± 0.4	4.6 ± 0.5	0.728	0.559	0.756	≤ 5.6 [11]
	82.9 ± 7.2	82.9 ± 7.2	82.9 ± 9.0				≤ 100.9
Total cholesterol (mM;mg·dL-1)	4.4 ± 0.6	4.3 ± 0.8	4.3 ± 0.6	0.542	0.671	0.937	< 5.5 [36]
	169.9 ± 23.1	166.0 ± 30.9	166.0 ± 23.1				< 212.3
Fasting insulin (mU·l-1)#	9.4 ± 4.7	8.1 ± 2.6	8.8 ± 4.7	0.957	0.466	0.344	-
HOMA-IR	1.9 ± 1.0	1.6 ± 0.5	1.80 ± 0.97	0.176	0.575	0.480	< 2.0 [37]
hsCRP (mg·l-1)#	3.5 ± 3.0	4.6 ± 4.9	4.7 ± 3.8	0.743	0.148	0.140	< 3.0 [23]
Resting heart rate (bpm)	76 ± 12	68 ± 8	66 ± 9	0.020*	0.004*	0.489	-
Predicted $V\dot{}{O}_2$max (l·min-1)	2.4 ± 0.5	2.8 ± 0.6	2.5 ± 0.6	0.029*	0.471	0.179	-
Predicted $V\dot{}{O}_2$max (ml·kg-1·min-1)	27.9 ± 7.0	32.6 ± 6.8	30.9 ± 9.7	0.000*	0.248	< 0.001*	≥ 31.0 [38]
Physical activity (min·week-1)#	97 ± 62	280 ± 67	143.7 ± 48.4	< 0.001*	0.002*	< 0.001*	≥ 210 [39]
Energy (kj; kcal)	6535 ± 2183	5223 ± 1725	5538 ± 2588	0.007*	0.269	0.161	-
	1562 ± 522	1248 ± 412	1324 ± 618
CHO (g)	166 ± 74	178 ± 96	154 ± 83	0.638	0.928	0.638	-
Protein (g)#	173 ± 86	138 ± 63	150 ± 86	0.012*	0.520	0.079	-
Total fat (g)#	66 ± 34	55 ± 14	56 ± 20	0.227	0.575	0.513	-

Data presented as mean ± standard deviation

^# log₁₀ transformation

* P ≤ 0.05.

Int, intervention. BP blood pressure, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hs-CRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, CHO carbohydrates.