Table. Distribution of participants according to DM statusa (n = 2306).
| Normal (n = 1262) | Pre-DM (n = 791) | DM (n = 253) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 635 (50.3) | 398 (50.3) | 176 (69.6) |
| Female | 627 (49.7) | 393 (49.7) | 77 (30.4) |
| Educational background | |||
| Junior high school or lower | 395 (31.3) | 235 (29.7) | 75 (29.6) |
| High school | 537 (42.5) | 368 (46.5) | 110 (43.5) |
| College or higher | 316 (25.0) | 184 (23.3) | 65 (25.7) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never smoker | 712 (56.4) | 425 (53.7) | 101 (39.9) |
| Ex-smoker | 336 (26.6) | 222 (28.1) | 104 (41.1) |
| Current smoker | 214 (17.0) | 143 (18.1) | 48 (19.0) |
| Physical activity | |||
| Almost none | 612 (48.5) | 393 (49.7) | 109 (43.1) |
| More than once a week | 648 (51.4) | 397 (50.2) | 144 (56.9) |
| Community periodontal index | |||
| <4 | 1181, 93.58 | 742 (93.8) | 238 (94.1) |
| 4 | 81, 6.42 | 49 (6.2) | 15 (5.9) |
| Receiving medication | |||
| No | 540 (42.8) | 314 (39.7) | 61 (24.1) |
| Yes | 722 (57.2) | 477 (60.3) | 192 (75.9) |
DM, diabetes mellitus; FPG, fasting plasma glucose.
Values are expressed as numbers (%). Some factors have missing values, so the totals are not always 100%.
aDM status was classified as, Normal: FPG < 6.1 mmol/l and HbA1c < 5.6% (38 mmol/mol); pre-DM: 6.1 mmol/l ≤ FPG < 7.0 mmol/l, or 5.6% (38 mmol/mol) ≤ HbA1c < 6.5% (48 mmol/mol); DM: FPG ≥ 7.0 mmol/l or HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol).