Blockade of central RAS, sympathetic signal, or oxidative stress inhibits salt-induced renal inflammation, fibrosis, and dysfunction in 5/6Nx rats. (A–D) Central administration of losartan or tempol and RDX or SDR inhibit salt-induced renal inflammation, fibrosis, and dysfunction in 5/6Nx rats: representative photographs of macrophage infiltration and renal fibrosis (A), quantitative analysis of renal macrophage infiltration (B), glomerulosclerosis index (C), and tubulointerstitial fibrosis score (D). (E) Concentration of NE in renal cortex. (F) Protein expression of Noxs in renal cortex. (G) Changes in SBP. (H) Changes in UAE. Data are expressed as the mean±SD of three independent experiments (n=6 in each group). *P<0.05 versus 5/6Nx rats given vehicle. Hyd, hydralazine; Los, losartan; PAS, periodic acid–Schiff; RDX, renal denervation; SDR, selective dorsal rhizotomy.