Fig. 2. Regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and physiological factors for regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinases (PDKs) and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatases (PDPs). Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) consists of three components such as pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3). Hif-1, hypoxia inducible factor 1; FFA, free fatty acid; GR, glucocorticoid receptor; ER, estrogen (related) receptor; TR, thyroid receptor; PPAR, peroxisome proliferate activation receptor; CoA-SH, coenzyme A; NAD, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced.