Table 2.
Effects of Water Quantity on Trachoma Outcomes.
| Study | Setting and Participants | Trachoma Indicator | Water Quantity Measure(s) | Measure of Effect | Comparison Groups * | Values * | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bailey 1991 [24] | Gambia; rural children, <15 years | Household (HH) with at least one active trachoma case | Water brought to house | Comparison | Trachoma vs. no trachoma | 15.8 vs. 17.9 liters (L) per HH per day | >0.05 |
| Water usage for bathing children | Comparison | Trachoma vs. no trachoma | 4.2 vs. 6.4 L per child per day | 0.03 | |||
| Cairncross 1987 [25] | Mozambique; residents of rural HH | Prevalence of trachoma | Water brought to house | Comparison | High prevalence vs. low prevalence | 8 vs. 14 liters per capita per day (lpcd) | unclear |
| Kupka 1968 [32] | Morocco; residents of rural HH | Active trachoma (among <1 year olds) | Water usage | Odds ratio (OR) | <5 lpcd | (ref) | |
| 5–10 lpcd | 0.71 (0.13, 3.33) | 0.69 | |||||
| >10 lpcd | undefined | undefined | |||||
| Active trachoma (among 1–15 year olds) | Water usage | OR | <5 lpcd | (ref) | |||
| 5–10 lpcd | 0.79 (0.38, 1.54) | 0.51 | |||||
| >10 lpcd | 0.34 (0.14, 0.82) | 0.01 | |||||
| Active trachoma (among >15 year olds) | Water usage | OR | < 5 lpcd | (ref) | |||
| 5–10 lpcd | 0.89 (0.61, 1.31) | 0.63 | |||||
| >10 lpcd | 0.99 (0.60, 1.63) | 0.96 | |||||
| Severe trachoma (all ages) | Water usage | OR | <5 lpcd | (ref) | |||
| 5–10 lpcd | 0.93 (0.68, 1.27) | 0.63 | |||||
| > 10 lpcd | 1.01 (0.64, 1.58) | 0.96 | |||||
| Mahande 2012 [33] | Tanzania; residents of rural HH with at least 2 children 1–9 years | HH with at least 2 children with active trachoma | Water brought to house | OR | ≥60 L vs. <60 L | 0.40 (0.10, 0.30) | <0.001 |
| Water usage for face washing | OR | ≥2 L vs. 1 L | 0.01 (0.02, 0.07) | <0.001 | |||
| Water usage for bathing children | OR | >20 L vs. 10–20 L | 0.90 (0.24, 0.80) | >0.05 | |||
| Moalic 2000 [34] | Senegal; rural children (no age) | Child with trachoma | Water usage for washing | Comparison | Trachoma vs. no trachoma | 8.6 L vs. 9.3 L | 0.04 |
| Polack 2006 [37] | Tanzania; rural children, 1–9 years | Child with trachoma | Water brought to house | OR | ≤8 lpcd | (ref) | >0.05 |
| 9–15 lpcd | 1.02 (0.53, 1.94) | ||||||
| 15–20 lpcd | 1.12 (0.51, 2.47) | ||||||
| >20 lpcd | 1.22 (0.68, 2.18) | ||||||
| Water usage | OR | 3.8–11.3 lpcd | (ref) | >0.05 | |||
| 11.3–14.6 lpcd | 0.93 (0.27, 3.24) | ||||||
| 14.6–21.3 lpcd | 0.81 (0.23, 2.88) | ||||||
| 3.8–11.3 lpcd | 1.04 (0.26, 3.39) | ||||||
| Water usage for face washing | OR | <2 lpcd | (ref) | <0.05 | |||
| 2–3.7 lpcd | 0.32 (0.10, 1.06) | ||||||
| 3.8–5 lpcd | 0.08 (0.02, 0.31) | ||||||
| >5 lpcd | 0.05 (0.01, 0.25) | ||||||
| Water usage for face washing children | OR | <2 lpcd | (ref) | <0.01 | |||
| 2–3.5 lpcd | 0.39 (0.11, 1.34) | ||||||
| 3.6–5 lpcd | 0.29 (0.08. 1.11) | ||||||
| >5 lpcd | 0.33 (0.09, 1.17) | ||||||
| West 1989 [42] | Tanzania; rural children, 1–6 years | HH with at least one active trachoma case | Water brought to house | OR | <25 L | (ref) | >0.05 |
| 25–45 L | 1.01 (0.76, 1.35) | ||||||
| >45 L | 0.84 (0.61, 1.15) |
* All comparisons are in units of water per day.