Table 5.
Effects of Water Quantity on Non-Communicable Disease (NCD) Outcomes.
| Study | Setting and Participants | Non-Communicable Disease | Water Quantity Measure(s) | Measure of Effect | Comparison Groups * | Values * | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hu 2009 [29] | Canada; all residents | Renal cell carcinoma | Fluid consumption | OR | incremental increase of 0.3 L | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | 0.0002 |
| Bottled water consumption | OR | none | (ref) | ||||
| 0–8 oz | 0.95 (0.76, 1.18) | 0.59 | |||||
| >8 oz | 0.95 (0.74, 1.22) | ||||||
| Tap water consumption | OR | <0.64 oz | (ref) | 0.24 | |||
| 0.64–20 oz | 1.01 (0.85-1.19) | ||||||
| 20–36 oz | 1.10 (0.89, 1.37) | ||||||
| >36 oz | 1.13 (0.88, 1.43) | ||||||
| Pan 2012 [36] | United States; female nurses aged 25–42 | Type II diabetes | Water consumption | RR | <1 c | 0.93 (0.83, 1.05 | 0.15 |
| 1 c | 0.93 (0.83, 1.05) | ||||||
| 2–3 c | 1.09 (0.96, 1.24) | ||||||
| 4–5 c | 1.06 (0.91, 1.23) | ||||||
| Vena 1993 [41] | United States; white male urban and rural residents, aged 35–90 | Bladder cancer (among age <65) | Fluid consumption | OR | 2–7 c | (ref) | <0.001 |
| 8–10 c | 2.60 (1.18, 5.73) | ||||||
| 11–13 c | 3.68 (1.65, 8.20) | ||||||
| 14–49 c | 6.30 (2.82, 14.08) | ||||||
| Tap water consumption | OR | 0–5 c | (ref) | <0.001 | |||
| 6–7 c | 1.32 (0.72–2.42) | ||||||
| 8–9 c | 1.63 (0.90, 2.95) | ||||||
| 10–39 c | 2.62 (1.53, 4.47) | ||||||
| Bladder cancer (among age >65) | Fluid consumption | OR | 2–7 c | (ref) | <0.001 | ||
| 8–10 c | 1.77 (1.08, 2.92) | ||||||
| 11–13 c | 1.80 (1.02, 3.19) | ||||||
| 14–49 c | 3.38 (1.83, 6.24) | ||||||
| Tap water consumption | OR | 0–5 c | (ref) | <0.001 | |||
| 6–7 c | 1.28 (0.77, 2.14) | ||||||
| 8–9 c | 1.41 (0.81, 2.46) | ||||||
| 10–39 c | 2.98 (1.77, 5.03) | ||||||
| Bladder cancer (among never smokers) | Tap water consumption | OR | 0–5 c | (ref) | not given | ||
| 6–7 c | 4.17 (1.09, 15.96) | ||||||
| 8–9 c | 5.70 (1.46, 22.26) | ||||||
| 10–39 c | 25.51 (6.12, 106.29) | ||||||
| Bladder cancer (among ex-smokers) | Tap water consumption | OR | 0–5 c | (ref) | not given | ||
| 6–7 c | 0.82 (0.48, 1.41) | ||||||
| 8–9 c | 1.07 (0.61, 1.90) | ||||||
| 10–39 c | 1.61 (0.93, 2.78) | ||||||
| Bladder cancer (among current smokers, 1–28 pack years) | Tap water consumption | OR | 0–5 c | (ref) | not given | ||
| 6–7 c | 2.58 (0.49, 13.66) | ||||||
| 8–9 c | 2.70 (0.45, 16.13) | ||||||
| 10–39 c | 3.79 (0.77, 18.68) | ||||||
| Bladder cancer (among current smokers, >29 pack years) | Tap water consumption | OR | 0–5 c | (ref) | not given | ||
| 6–7 c | 1.87 (0.83, 4.22) | ||||||
| 8–9 c | 1.98 (0.89, 4.42) | ||||||
| 10–39 c | 3.56 (1.73, 7.31) |
* All comparisons are in units of water per day.