Figure 3.

Effects of systemic epinephrine in neophobia and its modulation by the insular cortex. (A) Dose response curve of systemic epinephrine in a LA context. Note that 0.1 mg of epinephrine induced a significant increase in taste neophobia (N = 9, 10, 9, 10, 10; ***p < 0.001) when the novel taste was presented in a LA context. (B) Dose response of intra-insular propranolol after a systemic epinephrine when novel taste is presented in a LA context. Note that 1μg of intra-insular propranolol (Epi + Prop 1μg) blocked the increase in neophobia induced by 0.1 mg of systemic epinephrine (Epi + Veh Prop; (N = 8, 7, 8, 7; **p < 0.01). (C) Injections did not induce significant changes in total liquid consumption. Experiments in LA are shown in open bars, experiments performed in HA are shown in closed bars. Upper-middle: propranolol; left-upper right; noradrenaline; center-bottom: epinephrine. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.