Table 1.
Markers Used to Identify Islet-Associated Macrophages in Preclinical Rodent Models of T2D and in Specimens From Human Donors
| Markers | T2D Model(s) | Notes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rodent islet studies | |||
| CD68 (IHC) | Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats | Accumulation of CD68+ macrophages in islets correlated with hyperglycemia and islet fibrosis | 17 |
| MHC class II (IHC) | |||
| CD11b (IHC) | C57BL/6 mice, high-fat diet-induced obesity db/db mice | Accumulation of CD11b+ cells was associated with islet size during diet-induced obesity | 14 |
| CD68 (IHC) | Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats | ||
| F4/80 (IHC) | C57BL/6 mice, ethyl palmitate-infused db/db mice | CD11b+Ly-6C+ macrophages accumulated in T2D islets and expressed higher levels of M1 genes (Il1b and Tnfa) | 18 |
| CD11b (IF/FC) Ly-6C (FC) |
KK-Ay mice | ||
| CD68 (IHC) | ZDF rats | CB1R and NLRP3 were highly coexpressed with CD68 in pancreatic islets | 19 |
| F4/80 (FC) | db/db mice | db/db islets contained a mix of F4/80negCD68+CD11c+, F4/80+ CD68+CD11c+CD206+, and F4/80+CD68+CD206+ macrophages | 83 |
| CD68 (FC) | |||
| CD11c (FC) | |||
| CD206 (FC) | |||
| Ly-6C (FC) | |||
| F4/80 (FC) | hIAPPTg mice, high-fat diet-induced obesity | CD11b, CD11c, and Ly-6C expression was higher on islet macrophages (F4/80+CD11b+) from hIAPPTg mice | 24 |
| CD11b (FC) | |||
| CD11c (FC) | |||
| Ly-6C (FC) | |||
| Human islet studies | |||
| CD68 (IHC) | Pancreas sections from nondiabetic (n = 7) and T2D (n = 9) donors | 14 | |
| CD163 (IHC) | |||
| HLA-2 (IHC) | |||
| CD68 (IHC) | Pancreas sections from nondiabetic (n = 16) and T2D (n = 15) donors | 15 | |
| CD68 (IHC/IF) | Pancreas sections from nondiabetic (n = 20) and T2D donors without (n = 20) or with (n = 26) amyloid deposition | Frequency of CD68+iNOS+ macrophages per islet positively correlated with amyloid deposition in T2D samples | 16 |
| CD163 (IHC/IF) | |||
| CD204 (IF) | |||
| iNOS (IF) | |||
| CD11b (FC) | Isolated islets from nondiabetic (n = 15–16) and T2D (n = 12–13) donors | Macrophages coexpressed CD11b and CD11c; frequency (%CD45 leukocytes) of CD11b+ and CD11c+ cells was not different between nondiabetic and T2D islets | 82 |
| CD11c (FC) |
The method of detection is indicated in parenthesis. FC, flow cytometry; IF, immunofluorescence microscopy; IHC, immunohistochemistry.