Table 2.

Client Characteristics at treatment initiation

	Detoxification only	Ever accessed MMT	Total
	[N=95,427 individuals]	[N=142,282 individuals]	[N=237,709 individuals]
Calendar year of initiation, %
1991-1996	44.7	19.4	29.8
1997-2001	27.8	20.5	23.5
2002-2006	14.8	23.8	20.1
2007-2012	12.7	36.3	26.6
Gender, %
Male	70.3	62.4	65.6
Female	29.7	37.6	34.4
Age at admission, %
< 18	0.28	0.15	0.20
18 - 30	23.5	16.1	19.1
30 - 40	34.1	27.1	29.9
40 - 50	29.5	32.9	31.5
≥ 50	12.6	23.8	19.3
Race/Ethnicity, %
White	50.5	56.5	54.1
Black	12.6	11.1	11.7
Hispanic	31.1	26.1	28.1
Other	5.8	6.3	6.1
Educational attainment, %
Less than High School	36.3	35.8	36.0
High School/Equivalent	63.7	64.2	64.0
Age at first use, %
< 16	13.9	16.4	15.4
16 – 30	67.9	67.7	67.8
≥ 50	18.3	15.9	16.8
Primary drug type, %
Heroin	92.4	87.0	89.1
Other	7.6	13.0	10.9
Frequency of primary drug use, %
Daily	94.5	75.6	83.2
Not daily	5.5	24.4	16.8
Secondary drug problem type, %
Methamphetamine or cocaine	25.4	21.8	23.3
Alcohol	5.6	5.7	5.7
Marijuana	2.6	2.9	2.8
Heroin	0.5	1.0	0.8
Other	4.1	6.9	5.8
None	61.8	61.6	61.7
Criminal justice involvementa, %
Yes	13.4	14.5	14.1
No	86.1	85.5	86.0
Labor Force Status, %
Unemployed, out of labor force	71.2	72.6	72.0
Employed (full- time)	20.6	18.8	19.5
Employed (part- time)	8.2	8.7	8.5
Referral source, %
Self	91.5	89.0	90.0
Other	8.5	11.0	9.8
Number of detoxification episodes, %
0	0	36.3	21.7
1	64.3	18.5	36.9
2 – 5	29.4	28.1	28.6
6 – 9	4.1	9.3	7.2
10+	2.3	7.8	5.6
Number of maintenance episodes, %
0	100	0	40.1
1	0	58.3	34.9
2 – 3	0	29.6	17.7
4+	0	12.1	7.2
Length of treatment, mean (median) days	262.7 (20.0)	1616.3 (752.0)	--
Number of episodes at provider, mean (median)	931.1 (790.0)	623.3 (441.0)	--
Unemployment rate, mean (median)	0.078 (0.069)	0.079 (0.070)	--

^aIncludes, probation, parole, awaiting charges, incarceration, court-mandated treatment admission.