Table 2.
Network variablesa associated with individual high frequency injecting and unprotected sex among people who inject drugs in Athens, Greece 2012.
| High Frequency Injectingb | Unprotected Sexc | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P value | N | % | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P value | |
| Network HIV Seroprevalence (%) | ||||||||||
| HIV infected | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 669 | 38.7 | ref | 663 | 54.8 | - | - | - | ||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 109 | 49.5 | 1.37 | (0.86,2.19) | 0.19 | 109 | 57.8 | - | - | - |
| High (≥50) | 248 | 57.3 | 1.61 | (1.14,2.28) | 0.007 | 243 | 50.2 | - | - | - |
| Network Risk Behaviors | ||||||||||
| Divides drugs | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 444 | 40.8 | ref | 441 | 53.7 | - | - | - | ||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 113 | 43.4 | 0.89 | (0.55,1.44) | 0.64 | 113 | 54 | - | - | - |
| High (≥50) | 464 | 48.1 | 1.11 | (0.82,1.51) | 0.51 | 456 | 54.2 | - | - | - |
| High frequency injecting | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 403 | 33.5 | ref | 401 | 55.6 | - | - | - | ||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 97 | 40.2 | 1.27 | (0.76,2.12) | 0.36 | 97 | 58.8 | - | - | - |
| High (≥50) | 526 | 53.4 | 1.66 | (1.23,2.26) | 0.001 | 517 | 51.8 | - | - | - |
| Shares syringes | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 404 | 43.3 | - | - | - | 398 | 52 | ref | ||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 129 | 41.1 | - | - | - | 129 | 61.2 | 1.32 | (0.81,2.17) | 0.27 |
| High (≥50) | 492 | 45.9 | - | - | - | 487 | 53.8 | 0.98 | (0.71,1.36) | 0.93 |
| Alcohol or drugs with last sex partner | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 168 | 45.2 | - | - | - | 164 | 45.1 | ref | ||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 147 | 42.9 | - | - | - | 146 | 56.2 | 1.42 | (0.83,2.43) | 0.20 |
| High (≥50) | 711 | 44.3 | - | - | - | 705 | 55.7 | 1.33 | (0.88,2.00) | 0.17 |
| Unprotected sex | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 302 | 45 | - | - | - | 295 | 47.8 | ref | ||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 154 | 39 | - | - | - | 155 | 61.9 | 1.66 | (1.03,2.67) | 0.04 |
| High (≥50) | 569 | 45.2 | - | - | - | 564 | 55.1 | 1.16 | (0.82,1.64) | 0.39 |
| Network Prevention Activities | ||||||||||
| Ever in OST | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 586 | 45.9 | ref | 578 | 50.9 | ref | ||||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 130 | 46.2 | 1.15 | (0.73,1.81) | 0.55 | 129 | 58.9 | 1.19 | (0.74,1.91) | 0.47 |
| High (≥50) | 296 | 39.5 | 0.89 | (0.64,1.24) | 0.50 | 294 | 58.5 | 1.38 | (0.98,1.95) | 0.07 |
| Receives condoms | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 262 | 38.9 | ref | 261 | 53.3 | - | - | - | ||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 61 | 29.5 | 0.63 | (0.31,1.29) | 0.21 | 61 | 60.7 | - | - | - |
| High (≥50) | 702 | 47.7 | 1.26 | (0.90,1.76) | 0.18 | 692 | 53.8 | - | - | - |
| Ever in drug treatment | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 204 | 51 | ref | 204 | 49.5 | - | - | - | ||
| 1 – 49 | 56 | 57.1 | 1.07 | (0.52,2.17) | 0.86 | 55 | 60 | |||
| High (≥50) | 766 | 41.6 | 0.88 | (0.61,1.26) | 0.48 | 756 | 54.8 | - | - | - |
| Other Characteristics | ||||||||||
| Male | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 71 | 33.8 | ref | 70 | 61.4 | - | - | - | ||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 13 | 38.5 | 1.26 | (0.33,4.78) | 0.74 | 14 | 71.4 | - | - | - |
| High (≥50) | 942 | 45.2 | 1.47 | (0.82,2.63) | 0.20 | 931 | 53.2 | - | - | - |
| Homeless | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 469 | 38.6 | ref | 462 | 53 | - | - | - | ||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 136 | 43.4 | 1.22 | (0.79,1.89) | 0.38 | 137 | 51.1 | - | - | - |
| High (≥50) | 421 | 51.1 | 1.41 | (1.03,1.93) | 0.03 | 416 | 56 | - | - | - |
| Non-Greek | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 781 | 41.2 | ref | 775 | 55.9 | ref | ||||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 71 | 52.1 | 1.19 | (0.68,2.09) | 0.54 | 70 | 58.6 | 1.23 | (0.68,2.23) | 0.50 |
| High (≥50) | 174 | 55.2 | 1.23 | (0.79,1.91) | 0.35 | 170 | 43.5 | 0.95 | (0.63,1.46) | 0.83 |
| Primary school only | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 583 | 39.6 | ref | 573 | 56 | ref | ||||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 136 | 50 | 1.30 | (0.84,2.00) | 0.25 | 137 | 56.9 | 1.01 | (0.64,1.60) | 0.96 |
| High (≥50) | 307 | 50.8 | 1.33 | (0.97,1.83) | 305 | 48.9 | 0.90 | (0.64,1.26) | 0.54 | |
| Friend | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 432 | 39.8 | ref | 427 | 54.6 | - | - | - | ||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 193 | 46.1 | 1.25 | (0.84,1.86) | 192 | 58.3 | - | - | - | |
| High (≥50) | 402 | 48.3 | 1.30 | (0.94,1.78) | 397 | 51.4 | - | - | - | |
| Stranger | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 675 | 47.3 | ref | 669 | 54.7 | - | - | - | ||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 158 | 39.2 | 0.80 | (0.53,1.20) | 156 | 49.4 | - | - | - | |
| High (≥50) | 194 | 38.1 | 0.80 | (0.55,1.17) | 191 | 55.5 | - | - | - | |
| Drug Partner | ||||||||||
| Low (0) | 850 | 43.9 | - | - | - | 840 | 53.1 | ref | ||
| Moderate (1 – 49) | 91 | 50.5 | - | - | - | 90 | 52.2 | 0.87 | (0.51,1.50) | 0.62 |
| High (≥50) | 86 | 41.9 | 86 | 65.1 | 1.81 | (1.03,3.17) | 0.04 | |||
Each network variable represents an independent model. Multivariable models include the network variable indicated and individual-level covariates.
Covariates for multivariate HFI models included individual-level: HIV seroprevalence, age, sex, nationality, highest level of education, homelessness, history of incarceration, getting condoms from an HIV prevention activity, previously being tested for HIV, getting syringes from an HIV prevention activity, ever being in drug treatment, ever being in OST, using divided drugs with a syringe that has already been used, drug injected most often, sharing cookers/water or filters, sharing syringes, and multiple sex partners and having unprotected sex.
Covariates for multivariate US model included individual-level: HIV seroprevalence, age, sex, homelessness, highest level of education, ever being in drug treatment, using divided drugs with a syringe that has already been used, frequency of injection, drug injected most often, sharing cookers/water or filters, sharing syringes, exchange sex, using alcohol or drugs with last sex partner multiple sex partners