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. 2015 Jun 8;112(25):7650–7655. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1504901112

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Fig. 4. — Reaction mechanisms of Li_1.3Nb_0.3Mn_0.4O₂ as electrode materials in Li cells. (A) Changes in the SXRD patterns on lithium extraction. (B) Soft and hard X-ray absorption spectra (XAS), Mn L_II,III-edge and Mn K-edge, collected for the charged/discharged samples. Mn oxidation from trivalent to tetravalent is found in the early stage of charge (80 mAh⋅g⁻¹, x = 0.27 in Li_1.3-xNb_0.3Mn_0.4O₂) whereas no change in the spectra is found by further charge to 4.8 V at 60 °C (350 mAh⋅g⁻¹, x = 1.19 in Li_1.3-xNb_0.3Mn_0.4O₂). (C) Changes in O K-edge XAS spectra on lithium extraction. Highlighted pre-edge peaks for the selected samples are also shown (Middle). The evolution of area for pre-edge peaks is calculated and plotted as a function of charge capacity (Right). A clear increase in the pre-edge peaks is noted as decrease in the lithium content, and the area is returned to its original area after lithium insertion (plotted as the filled circle).