Figure 2.

Mechanisms controlling invasion and dissemination of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). NTS invades across the intestinal mucosa, into the submucosal tissues where a local inflammatory cell infiltrate may limit further invasion. If they evade this response, the bacteria disseminate through the blood and lymphatics, and reach phagocytic cells in the spleen and liver, where they may evade killing and replicate. Both hemolysis in general, and malaria, impair host defense mechanisms at each stage of NTS infection. Mechanisms which are likely to be general consequences of intravascular hemolysis are underlined and those that are likely malaria-specific are not underlined.