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. 2015 Jun 30;2:35. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2015.00035

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Copyright © 2015 Dekker, Kampinga and Bergink.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Involvement for chaperones in substrate ubiquitylation. (A) The relationship between chaperones and ubiquitin E3 ligases for unstable nascent chains. Unstable nascent chains are bound by the chaperone systems present at the ribosome (here the NAC and RAC) and ubiquitylation of the emerging polypeptide happens co-translationally. (B) ERAD substrates that are intrinsically unstable (indicated by the ^*) are recognized by DNAJs prior their ubiquitylation and retrotranslocation. (C) If cytoplasmic or nucleoplasmic substrates require chaperones prior their ubiquitylation is currently unclear. Sis1/DNAJB1 is required for the nuclear relocalization of certain unstable substrates in an ubiquitin-independent manner.