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. 2015 Jun 30;3:39. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00039

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Cartoon illustrating the mechanisms of prosthetic valve degeneration. Xenogenic or allogenic valves are decellularized to reduce the risk of immune response and rejection. In addition, animal derived valves can be cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. The three main mechanisms of valve failure are structural deterioration, fibrosis and calcification, and damage by rejection from the host immune system.