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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 30.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Oct 31;172(1):59–70. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13060786

TABLE 3.

Intervention Main Effects Based on Full Information Maximum Likelihood Modelsa

Intervention Effect
Variable Standard
Estimate		 P Odds
Ratio		 P 95% CI Number Needed to
Treat
Any externalizing, internalizing, or substance use problem 0.59 0.001 0.43–0.81 8
Externalizing t score, self- or peer-reported average −0.15 0.026
    Antisocial personality DSM-IV clinical range 0.60 0.022 0.39–0.93 20
    Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder problems DSM-IV clinical range 0.65 0.095 0.39–1.08
Internalizing t score, self- or peer-reported average −0.20 0.002
    Avoidant personality DSM-IV clinical range 0.53 0.026 0.30–0.93
    Somatic DSM-IV clinical range 0.73 0.171 0.47–1.14
    Anxiety DSM-IV clinical range 0.79 0.373 0.47–1.33
    Depression DSM-IV clinical range 0.68 0.102 0.42–1.08
Any problematic substance use, self- or peer reported 0.57 0.001 0.41–0.78 8
    Alcohol abuse 0.69 0.045 0.48–0.99
    Binge drinking problem 0.75 0.057 0.55–1.01
    Heavy marijuana use 0.76 0.318 0.45–1.30
    Serious substance use 0.58 0.021 0.36–0.92
Overall well-being, self- and peer-reported average 0.17 0.020
    General health index 0.09 0.222
    Happiness 0.19 0.008
    Strength 0.10 0.111
Education and employment, self-report only
    Graduated from high school or graduate equivalency diploma 0.93 0.654 0.68–1.27
    Current full-time employment or enrolled in higher education 0.84 0.316 0.60–1.18
Sexual experiences and romantic relationship aggression
    Number of sexual partners over lifetime, self-report only −0.17 0.032
    Risky sexual behavior in past 12 months, self-report only −0.24 0.000
    Violent acts against romantic partner, self- and peer-reported averageb −18.8% 0.240
Parenting
    Coercive parenting −0.09 0.386
    Spanking Scale −0.22 0.043
    Parenting efficacy, self-report only 0.20 0.098
    Parenting satisfaction, self-report only 0.05 0.651
Severity-weighted conviction indices
    Substance crimesb −34.7% 0.027
    Violent crimesb −30.9% 0.047
    Property and public order crimesb −1.1% 0.937
a

Models controlled for site, cohort, and 22 preintervention control variables; the number needed to treat (NNT) was calculated using the model corrected odds ratio (OR) and control event rate (CER) and the following formula: NNT=(1–(CER*(1–OR)))/((1–CER)*(CER)*(1–OR)).

b

Count outcome: percentage change in expected count is reported.