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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Oncol. 2015 Mar;16(3):e123–e136. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70409-7

Table 5.

Gaps in knowledge and future directions for research.

  • Risk of asymptomatic and/or symptomatic cardiomyopathy in survivors treated with <15 Gy chest RT using conventional fractionation.

  • In survivors treated with anthracyclines and chest RT, risk of cardiomyopathy by dose of anthracycline or chest RT administered.

  • Effect of age at anthracycline and/or chest radiation exposure on cardiomyopathy risk.

  • Differences in cardiomyopathy risk by anthracycline/ anthraquinone analogue.

  • Change in radiation-related cardiomyopathy risk by treatment era due to advances in radiation administration techniques.

  • Long-term (>5 years) efficacy of the cardioprotectant dexrazoxane for cardiomyopathy risk reduction.

  • Prognostic utility of change in intermediate echocardiographic indices of left ventricular systolic and diastolic function (i.e.: abnormal wall stress, decreased thickness-dimension ratio, elevated myocardial perfomrance index, abnormal E/A ratio) on future cardiomyopathy risk in asymptomatic survivors.

  • Prognostic utility of decrease in LV EF/FS, as detected by CMR or radionuclide angiography on subsequent cardiomyopathy risk in asymptomatic survivors.

  • Prognostic utility of increase in cardiac troponins or natriuretic peptides during anthracycline or chest radiation administration on long-term (>5 years) cardiomyopathy risk.

  • Accuracy of serum natriuretic peptide (ANP, BNP, NT-pro-BNP) for identification of asymptomatic cardiomyopathy in childhood cancer survivors treated with anthracyclines and/or radiation.

  • Lifetime risk of cardiomyopathy in very long-term (>30 years after treatment) childhood cancer survivors treated with anthracyclines and/or radiation.

  • Rate of deterioration of cardiac function over time.

  • Cost-effectiveness of different screening frequencies by cardiomyopathy risk.

  • Assessment of potential harms associated with excessive screening and resulant false-positive findings.

  • Risk of cardiomyopathy in pregnant survivors treated with anthracyclines or chest radiation.

  • Utility of closer monitoring and more frequent echocardiographic screening during pregnancy.

  • Role of pharmacologic interventions to reduce cardiomyopathy risk in asymptomatic survivors with normal cardiac function.

  • Long-term utility of pharmacologic interventions in symptomatic survivors with abnormal cardiac function.

  • Need for and type of restrictions in physical activity for childhood cancer survivors considered low-, moderate-, and high-risk for cardiomyopathy.

  • Benefits of interventions to reduce modifiable risk factors such as smoking, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia, in childhood cancer survivors at risk for cardiomyopathy.

  • Role of genetic susceptibility on subsequent cardiomyopathy risk in survivors treated with anthracyclines and/or chest radiation.