Table 1.

Demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and healthy controls (HC)

	PD (n = 26)	HC (n = 15)
Age (years)	70.5 (5.6)	67.13 (5.1)
Sex (male/female)	13/13	4/11
Handedness (right/left)	24/2	14/1
Education (years)	15.6 (2.1)	17.0 (2.5)
MoCAa	25.2 (2.8)	27.6 (2.2)**
BDIb	6.5 (5.5)	3.8 (3.6)
Disease duration (years)	6.7 (4.2)	–
Symptom-dominant side (right/left)	17/9
UPDRS-IIIc (on-medication)	25.3 (15.3)	–
Total LEDDd (mg/day)	731.3 (459.8)	–
Neuropsychological tests
Global composite z	−0.22 (0.60)	0.30 (0.50)**
Attention/WM composite z	0.12 (0.63)	0.27 (0.70)
Executive composite z	−0.64 (0.89)	0.25 (0.60)**
Digit span forward	0.31 (0.73)	0.46 (1.02)
California verbal test	0.19 (1.06)	0.23 (0.92)
Letter-number sequencing	0.20 (0.77)	0.15 (0.68)
Visual verbal test	−2.21 (1.93)	−0.380 (0.48)**
Judgement of line orientation	−0.78 (1.57)	0.24 (0.88)*
STROOP
Color naming	−1.44 (0.86)	0.19 (1.17)
Inhibition	0.13 (0.72)	0.29 (1.00)
Category fluency	0.21 (1.21)	0.86 (0.83)

Data are presented in mean (standard deviation) and neuropsychological data are presented in group based mean Z scores (standard deviation)

WM working memory

^aMontreal cognitive assessment

^bBeck depression inventory

^cUnified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale III

^dLevodopa Equivalent Daily Dose: 1-L dopa dose + 1-L dopa-CR × 0.75 + pramipexole (mg) × 67 (Evans et al. 2004)

^*P <0.03,

^**P <0.01