Adverse Events Definition: harm to patients which results from medical care Subtypes ◦ Patient-reported safety incidents (falls, bleeding, hypoglycemia) ◦ Safety findings (hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, orthostasis) ◦ Condition-dependent safety events (acute kidney injury after surgery, congestive heart failure after IV fluids)

Safety Hazards Definition: clinical practices with the potential to lead to unintended patient harm Subtypes ◦ Errors of commission ▪ Definition: harm results from an action taken ▪ Examples: use of known nephrotoxins, improperly-dosed medications ◦ Errors of omission ▪ Definition: failure to provide care results in harm ▪ Example: use of an ACE inhibitor ◦ Use of therapies that require monitoring to mitigate harm ▪ Examples: diuretic, RAAS blocker, erythropoetic-stimulating agent, digoxin

Near Miss Definition: event that did not cause patient harm, but only because of chance

Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; IV, intravenous; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system