Figure 5.

The frequency of objectives of intentional burning cited within research on indigenous and rural fire management practices, presented for ethnographic studies (i.e., interviews with practitioners; N = 74) and all surveyed literature (N = 125), including ethnographic, historical (N = 29), and descriptive accounts (i.e., without specific reference to sources; N = 22). See Appendix S1 for references. *Nontimber Forest Products; ^†Refers explicitly to burning within forests, for example to open the understory or promote recruitment; and ^‡Refers to reducing risk to lives and livelihoods, such as from predators and venomous snakes.