Table 3.

Inflammatory diseases and reported developmental risk factors.

Inflammatory disease or condition	Target system or organ	Putative environmental risk factor(s)	Reference(s)
Atherosclerosis	Cardiovascular	Air pollution	Brook and Rajagopolan (2010)
Coronary heart  disease	Cardiovascular	Traffic-associated  pollution	Gan et al. (2010)
Psoriasis	Dermal	Environmental tobacco  smoke (women)	Jankovic et al. (2009)
Dental caries/  Periodontal  disease	Dental	Maternal smoking;  Environmental  tobacco smoke;  Dietary fatty acid  intake	Erdemir et al. (2010),  Julihn, Ekbom, and Modeer (2009) and  Naqvi et al. (2010)
Celiac disease	Gastrointestinal	Neonatal infections	Sandberg-Bennich, Dahlquist, and Kallen (2002)
Colon cancer	Gastrointestinal	Microbial depletion in  early environment;  Early life diet	Davis and Milner (2009), Roberfroid et al. (2010) and  Xiao et al. (2007)
Inflammatory bowel  disease	Gastrointestinal	Early antibiotic use	Hviid, Svanstrom, and Frisch (2011) and  Shaw, Blanchard, and Bernstein (2010)
Nonalcohol fatty  liver disease	Hepatic	Heavy metals	Cave et al. (2010)
Chronic kidney  disease	Nephrotic	Heavy metals	Fadrowski et al. (2010), Gobe and Crane (2010) and  Soderland et al. (2010)
Alzheimer’s disease	Neurological	Metals	Duce and Bush (2010)
Multiple sclerosis	Neurological	Vitamin D and/or  ultraviolet radiation  deficiency; smoking  exposure	Handel et al. (2011),  Sloka et al. (2011)  and Staples, Ponsonby, and Lim (2010)
Parkinson’s disease	Neurological	Certain pesticide  exposures	Elbaz et al. (2009) and  Gatto et al. (2009)
Otitis media	Otological	PCB/PCDF exposure	Dallaire et al. (2006)  and Guo et al. (2004)
Type 1 diabetes	Pancreatic	Prenatal nutrient over-  load and/or  Reduced neonatal  microbial  environment	D’Angeli et al. (2010)
Type 2 diabetes	Pancreatic	Prenatal nutrient  energy overload or  Prenatal nutrient-  insufficiency	Kanaka-Gantenbein (2010)
Childhood asthma	Respiratory	Traffic pollution;  Environmental  tobacco smoke;  Paracetamol	Baena-Cagnani et al. (2009), Carlsten et al. (2011) and  McConnell et al. (2010)
			Shaheen, Newson, Smith, et al. (2010)   Sly (2011)
COPD	Respiratory	Tobacco smoke;  Biomass smoke  exposure	Beyer, Mitfessel, and Gillissen (2009),  Grigg (2009) and  Taylor (2010)
Juvenile idiopathic  arthritis	Skeletal	Maternal smoking	Berkun and Padeh (2010) and Jaakkola and Gissler (2005)
Osteoporosis/Risk of  bone fractures	Skeletal	Cadmium exposure;  Vitamin D  deficiency	Nawrot et al. (2010),  Papandreou et al. (2010) and Shin, Paek, and Yoon (2011)
Systemic sclerosis	Systemic: connec-  tive tissue  disease	Vitamin D deficiency	Caramaschi et al. (2010) and Vacca et al. (2009)