Table 2.
Annualized healthcare utilization and costs in each glycemic stage
| All | 18.5 ≤ BMI <25 | 25 ≤ BMI <30 | 30 ≤ BMI <35 | 35 ≤ BMI <40 | 40 ≤ BMI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal glycemic stage | ||||||
| No. of patients | 48,344 | 11,655 | 17,674 | 11,243 | 4,862 | 2,910 |
| No. of hospitalizations [mean (SD)] | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.3) |
| Length of stay (days) if hospitalized [mean (SD)] | 1.9 (3.2) | 2.1 (3.8) | 1.9 (3.3) | 1.8 (2.7) | 1.7 (2.4) | 2.1 (4.4) |
| No. of outpatient visits [mean (SD)] | 9.1 (8.3) | 8.3 (7.9) | 9 (8.3) | 9.6 (8.5) | 10 (8.7) | 10.3 (8.9) |
| No. of pharmacy fills [mean (SD)] | 11.8 (15.3) | 9.8 (13.3) | 11.3 (14.9) | 12.9 (15.9) | 14.2 (17.1) | 15.5 (17.8) |
| Total healthcare costs [mean (SE); median] | 4,467 (39); 2,022 | 3,924 (80); 1,632 | 4,397 (64); 1,986 | 4,761 (78); 2,303 | 4,737 (105); 2,367 | 5,480 (203); 2,694 |
| Distribution of costs by setting (%) | ||||||
| Inpatient costs | 31.3 | 31.2 | 32.3 | 31.0 | 28.0 | 32.9 |
| Outpatient costs | 35.6 | 37.1 | 35.3 | 35.1 | 36.6 | 32.8 |
| Pharmacy costs | 33.1 | 31.7 | 32.4 | 33.9 | 35.4 | 34.3 |
| PreD stage | ||||||
| No. of patients | 3,085 | 309 | 963 | 925 | 498 | 390 |
| No. of hospitalizations [mean (SD)] | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.3) |
| Length of stay (days) if hospitalized [mean (SD)] | 4.0 (6.8) | 5.5 (9.8) | 4.3 (7.6) | 3.8 (5.6) | 3.0 (5.0) | 2.7 (3.8) |
| No. of outpatient visits [mean (SD)] | 15.7 (12.2) | 16.3 (12.9) | 16 (12.3) | 15.8 (12.7) | 14.5 (11.2) | 15.5 (11.8) |
| No. of pharmacy fills [mean (SD)] | 24.3 (24.3) | 21.4 (22.6) | 24.0 (24.3) | 25.3 (24.4) | 24.8 (25.8) | 24.4 (23.1) |
| Total healthcare costs [mean (SE); median] | 9,342 (168); 4,608 | 11,498 (654); 5,045 | 9,923 (319); 4,774 | 9,328 (306); 4,639 | 7,655 (343); 4,498 | 8,386 (424); 4,217 |
| Distribution of costs by setting (%) | ||||||
| Inpatient costs | 37.5 | 53.2 | 43.2 | 34.5 | 27.6 | 23.0 |
| Outpatient costs | 30.9 | 24.9 | 27.8 | 34.7 | 33.2 | 34.0 |
| Pharmacy costs | 31.6 | 21.9 | 28.9 | 30.8 | 39.2 | 43.0 |
| T2D stage | ||||||
| No. of patients | 9,526 | 776 | 2,672 | 2,874 | 1,810 | 1,394 |
| No. of hospitalizations [mean (SD)] | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.5) |
| Length of stay (days) if hospitalized [mean (SD)] | 3.8 (6.8) | 4.5 (7) | 4.1 (7.7) | 3.4 (6.1) | 3.5 (6.1) | 3.7 (7.2) |
| No. of outpatient visits [mean (SD)] | 18.6 (13) | 18.7 (13.6) | 18.8 (13.2) | 18.5 (12.5) | 18.4 (13) | 19 (13.1) |
| No. of pharmacy fills [mean (SD)] | 32.2 (27.3) | 27.8 (25.2) | 29.6 (25.8) | 32.2 (26.8) | 34.0 (28.2) | 37.7 (30.1) |
| Total healthcare costs [mean (SE); median] | 11,983 (122); 6,811 | 12,567 (451); 6,280 | 12,165 (235); 6,434 | 11,643 (217); 6,839 | 11,791 (277); 6,910 | 12,261 (328); 7,645 |
| Distribution of costs by setting (%) | ||||||
| Inpatient costs | 41.5 | 50.4 | 46.1 | 39.7 | 36.6 | 37.4 |
| Outpatient costs | 26.6 | 25.2 | 26.0 | 27.7 | 27.5 | 25.5 |
| Pharmacy costs | 31.8 | 24.4 | 28.0 | 32.6 | 35.9 | 37.1 |
Mean of the annualized healthcare resource utilization and costs represented the average utilization and costs per person per year
BMI body mass index, PreD pre-diabetes, SD standard deviation, SE standard error, T2D type 2 diabetes