Table 3.

Cost ratio of annualized costs, relative to 18.5 ≤ BMI < 25, in each glycemic stage

	25 ≤ BMI < 30	30 ≤ BMI < 35	35 ≤ BMI < 40	40 ≤ BMI
Normal glycemic stage
Total healthcare costs	1.09 (1.07–1.11)	1.25 (1.22–1.27)	1.30 (1.26–1.34)	1.51 (1.45–1.56)
Inpatient costs	1.11 (1.06–1.16)	1.35 (1.29–1.43)	1.41 (1.32–1.51)	2.06 (1.89–2.24)
Outpatient costs	1.05 (1.03–1.06)	1.15 (1.13–1.17)	1.23 (1.20–1.26)	1.28 (1.24–1.32)
Pharmacy costs	1.16 (1.13–1.20)	1.33 (1.29–1.38)	1.36 (1.30–1.42)	1.47 (1.40–1.56)
PreD stage
Total healthcare costs	1.09 (0.95–1.25)	1.09 (0.95–1.25)	1.04 (0.90–1.22)	1.28 (1.09–1.51)
Inpatient costs	1.23 (0.86–1.76)	1.01 (0.71–1.45)	0.89 (0.59–1.33)	1.15 (0.75–1.75)
Outpatient costs	1.09 (0.98–1.23)	1.22 (1.09–1.37)	1.09 (0.96–1.24)	1.26 (1.10–1.44)
Pharmacy costs	1.20 (0.98–1.46)	1.19 (0.97–1.45)	1.24 (1.00–1.56)	1.48 (1.16–1.89)
T2D stage
Total healthcare costs	1.11 (1.03–1.20)	1.17 (1.09–1.27)	1.29 (1.19–1.40)	1.46 (1.34–1.59)
Inpatient costs	1.11 (0.91–1.37)	1.09 (0.89–1.34)	1.20 (0.96–1.49)	1.60 (1.27–2.01)
Outpatient costs	1.11 (1.04–1.18)	1.17 (1.09–1.25)	1.22 (1.14–1.31)	1.27 (1.18–1.37)
Pharmacy costs	1.14 (1.02–1.27)	1.26 (1.13–1.40)	1.40 (1.24–1.57)	1.48 (1.31–1.67)

Cost ratios were estimated from generalized linear regression models with log-link and gamma distribution, adjusted for age, sex, race, smoking, employment status, insurance type, and year to start follow-up. The parentheses contain the 95 % confidence intervals of the cost ratios

BMI body mass index, PreD pre-diabetes, T2D type 2 diabetes