Table 5.
Comparison of the developed QuEChERS method with other methods for the determination of pesticides in peanut and similar matrices
| Type of pesticides | Matrix | Sample preparation step | Sample Size | Sample preparation time | Solvent requirement | Method of analysis | Percent recovery (RSD) | LOQ (ppb) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 16 Organophosphorus (OPs) pesticides | Peanut oil | LLE and LLP | 5gm | Extraction time: 5 mins, LLP: Overnight | 10 mL ACN | GC-ECD | 69.1-106.1 (1.8-12.7) | 6-17 | Li et al. 2007b |
| 38 pesticides of different groups | Raw Peanut | LLE-GPC | 8 gm | Not available | 40 mL ACN | GC/MS | 69-109 (2.2-26.7) | 5-20 | Wang et al. 2009 |
| 33 pesticides of different group | Peanut oil | Liquid partitioning with acetonitrile (ACN). LLP clean-up, and final clean-up with dispersive solid phase extraction | 5gm | Extraction time: 5 minute,, LLP:overnight | 10 mL ACN | GC/MS | 70-110 (<20) | 2-27 | Li et al. 2007a |
| 10 OPs | Peanut | On-line coupling of RP-HPLC and GC | 2.5 gm | Extraction time: 5 minute followed by On-line LC-GC | 5 mL Ethyl acetate | GC | Not available | 1.6-50.2 | Cortes et al. 2008 |
| Oxyfluorfen | Peanut (with shell in 34 pesticides) | Liquid partitioning with ACN. LLP clean-up, and final clean-up with dispersive solid phase extraction | 2.5 gm | 1-2 hr | 10 mL ACN | GC-TOF | 94 (8) | Notavailable | Koesukwiwat et al. 2010 |
| Olive oil (in 26 pesticides) | Liquid partitioning with ACN/hexane and clean-up by GPC | 2 gm | 1 hr for extraction and then time required for GPC clean up | 2 mL hexane and 10 mL ACN | GC-MS/MS | 95-109 (3–4) | 1.5 | Sanchez et al. 2006 | |
| Sunflower seed (in 5 pesticides) | QuEChERS (liquid partitioning with acetonitrile followed by a clean-up step based on dispersive solid-phase extraction with) | 10 gm | 15 mins | 10 mL ACN | GC-MS/MS | 25-77 (3–20) | 4 | Mantzos et al. 2013 | |
| Imazethapyr | Soybean (in 6 pesticides) | MSPD as the extraction technique followed by a clean-up step, using a C8 co-column | 1gm | 40 mins | 20 mL of ethyl acetate and 5 mL methanol | HPLC | 60-118 (15–26) | 40 | Maldaner et al. 2008 |
| Peanut (Single) | Ultrasonic Extraction (USE) using methanolic sodium carbonate followed by clean up with strong cation exchang solid phase extraction (SPE/SCE) | (Not available) | Not available | Not available | HPLC | 80.6-95.5 (2.21-8.45). | 8.81 | Zhou and Zhang, 2009 | |
| quizalofop-p-ethyl | Rapeseed (Single) | Liquid partitioning with acetonitrile followed by a clean-up by QuEChERS method | 10 gm | 13 mins | 10 mL ACN | LC-MS/MS | 90.6-93.1 (1.3-6.6) | 1 | Guan and Zhang, 2012 |
| Rapeseed oil (27 pesticides) | Liquid partitioning with ACN or acidified ACN with LLP | 10 gm | 6 minis for extraction and 12 hrs for LTP | 10 mL ACN | LC-MS/MS | 81-90 (3–15) | 4 | Jiang et al. 2012 | |
| Sunflower seed (5 pesticides) | QuEChERS-liquid partitioning with ACN followed by a clean-up step based on dispersive solid-phase extraction with PSA | 10 gm | 8 mins | 10 mL ACN | GC-MS/MS | 97-106.1 (2.3-15) | 2.9 | Mantzos et al. 2013 | |
| Simultaneous analysis of pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen, imazethapyr and quizalofop-p-ethyl | Raw peanut | QuEChERS-liquid partitioning with acetonitrile without any clean up | 2.5 gm | 13 mins | 10 mL ACN | LC-MS/MS | 69.4-94.4 (2.6-16.6) | 5-10 | Proposed method |