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DHA activates autophagy in glioma cells. (A) The expression of the apoptosis molecular marker, Caspase-3, did not change following DHA treatment. However, the expression of autophagy markers Beclin-1 and LC3-B was markedly increased. (B) Monodansylcadaverine staining revealing that a 24-h treatment with 2 µg/ml DHA increased the formation of autophagic vacuoles in SKMG-4 cells compared with (C) the non-treated control cells (magnification, ×200). DHA, dihydroartemisinin.
