Fig. 13.

Diagram illustrating the phylogenetic positions of fossil rhizomes within an independently obtained chronogram for modern Osmundaceae that was calibrated using frond fossils only [34]. a = O. pulchella; b–d = M. liaoningensis, A. plumites, and A. wangii; e = A. claytoniites; f = T. tidwellii; g = O. cinnamomea (Cretaceous, Canada [64]); h = O. precinnamomea [29]; i = O. pluma; j = O. dowkeri (Paleocene, UK [75]); k = O. arnoldii; l = O. oregonensis; m = O. nathorstii; n = O. dowkeri (Eocene, USA; see [29]); o = O. cinnamomea (Neogene, USA [29]); p = O. wehrii; q = O. shimokawaensis; r = O. cinnamomea (Miocene, Japan [63]); s = O. iliaensis