Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics, risk perceptions, and social norms by smoking status.
| Variable | Smoking status | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exclusive cigarette use n (%) | Exclusive waterpipe use n (%) | Dual waterpipe and cigarette n (%) | ||
| Age (years) | <0.005 | |||
| ≤19 | 272 (51.9) | 95 (66.4) | 157 (71.7) | |
| >19 | 252 (48.1) | 48 (33.6) | 62 (28.3) | |
| Sex | 0.594 | |||
| Male | 174 (33.2) | 53 (37.1) | 79 (36.1) | |
| Female | 350 (66.8) | 90 (62.9) | 140 (63.9) | |
| Ethnicity / Race | <0.005 | |||
| White | 395 (75.4) | 79 (55.2) | 161 (73.5) | |
| Black or African American | 57 (10.9) | 18 (12.6) | 14 (6.4) | |
| Asian | 50 (9.5) | 35 (24.5) | 26 (11.9) | |
| Others | 22 (4.2) | 11 (7.7) | 18 (8.2) | |
| Average weekly disposable income | 0.031 | |||
| <30 | 248 (47.3) | 83 (58.0) | 120 (54.8) | |
| ≥30 | 276 (52.7) | 60 (42.0) | 99 (45.2) | |
| Peers look cool-cigarette | <0.005 | |||
| Not cool | 290 (55.3) | 114 (80.3) | 98 (44.7) | |
| Cool | 200 (38.2) | 26 (18.3) | 96 (43.8) | |
| Very cool | 34 (6.5) | 2 (1.4) | 25 (11.4) | |
| Peers look cool-waterpipe | <0.005 | |||
| Not cool | 276 (52.7) | 46 (32.4) | 57 (26.0) | |
| Cool | 197 (37.6) | 69 (48.6) | 109 (49.8) | |
| Very cool | 51 (9.7) | 27 (19.0) | 53 (24.2) | |
| Peer influence-cigarette | <0.005 | |||
| None | 93 (17.7) | 83 (58.5) | 31 (14.2) | |
| Low | 123 (23.5) | 26 (18.3) | 45 (20.5) | |
| Medium | 128 (24.4) | 24 (16.9) | 64 (29.2) | |
| High | 180 (34.4) | 9 (6.3) | 79 (36.1) | |
| Peer influence-waterpipe | <0.005 | |||
| None | 146 (27.9) | 22 (15.5) | 19 (8.7) | |
| Low | 159 (30.3) | 24 (16.9) | 38 (17.4) | |
| Medium | 130 (24.8) | 39 (27.5) | 73 (33.3) | |
| High | 89 (17.0) | 57 (40.1) | 89 (40.6) | |
| Social acceptability-cigarette | <0.005 | |||
| None | 26 (5.0) | 15 (10.6) | 7 (3.2) | |
| Low | 64 (12.2) | 33 (23.2) | 23 (10.5) | |
| Medium | 187 (35.7) | 51 (35.9) | 84 (38.4) | |
| High | 247 (47.1) | 43 (30.3) | 105 (47.9) | |
| Social acceptability-waterpipe | <0.005 | |||
| None | 48 (9.2) | 3 (2.1) | 5 (2.3) | |
| Low | 101 (19.3) | 8 (5.6) | 7 (3.2) | |
| Medium | 174 (33.2) | 39 (27.5) | 64 (29.2) | |
| High | 201 (38.4) | 92 (64.8) | 143 (65.3) | |
| Addiction from social use-cigarette | 0.487 | |||
| None | 12 (2.3) | 6 (4.2) | 4 (1.8) | |
| Low | 60 (11.5) | 13 (9.2) | 26 (11.9) | |
| Medium | 185 (35.3) | 42 (29.6) | 68 (31.1) | |
| High | 267 (51.0) | 81 (57.0) | 121 (55.3) | |
| Addiction from social use-waterpipe | 0.122 | |||
| None | 68 (13.0) | 20 (14.0) | 35 (16.0) | |
| Medium | 144 (27.5) | 35 (24.6) | 61 (27.9) | |
| Low | 209 (39.9) | 48 (33.8) | 91 (41.6) | |
| High | 103 (19.7) | 39 (27.5) | 32 (14.6) | |