Table 2.
Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of participants by recency of dilated eye examination
| Total (N = 236) | Eye exam ≤ 12 months (N = 156) | Eye exam > 12 months (N = 47) | Never (N = 33) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, years, mean (standard deviation, SD) | 14.1 (2.69) | 14.1 (2.58) | 14.9 (2.7) | 12.8 (2.8) | 0.142 |
| Minimum - maximum | 8.0-18.9 | 8.0-18.9 | 9.4-18.9 | 8.3-18.4 | |
| Gender, N (%) | |||||
| Male | 101 (42.8) | 68 (43.6) | 22 (46.8) | 11 (33.3) | 0.459 |
| Female | 135 (57.2) | 88 (56.4) | 25 (53.2) | 22 (66.7) | |
| Race, N (%) | |||||
| White, non-Hispanic origin | 158 (67.0) | 109 (69.9) | 25 (59.6) | 21 (63.6) | 0.225 |
| African American | 70 (29.7) | 43 (27.6) | 17 (36.2) | 10 (30.3) | |
| Hispanic | 5 (2.1) | 3 (1.9) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.1) | |
| Native American | 2 (0.9) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Asian | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Type, n (%) | 0.824 | ||||
| Type 1 | 202 (85.6) | 135 (86.6) | 39 (83.0) | 28 (84.8) | |
| Type 2 | 34 (14.4) | 21 (13.5) | 8 (17.0) | 5 (16.0) | |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis, years, mean (SD) | 8.6 (3.9) | 8.2 (4.0) | 9.6 (4.0) | 9.2 (3.5) | 0.053 |
| Duration of diabetes diagnosis, years, mean (SD) | 5.5 (3.5) | 5.9 (3.4) | 5.4 (4.0) | 3.6 (2.5) | 0.001 |
| Laboratory characteristics | |||||
| HbA1c high for agea, n (%) | 169 (71.6) | 115 (73.7) | 32 (68.1) | 22 (66.7) | 0.599 |
| Cholesterolb, n (%) | |||||
| >75th percentile | 86 (34.4) | 51 (32.7) | 26 (55.3) | 9 (27.3) | 0.009 |
| LDLb, n (%) | |||||
| >75th percentile | 53 (22.5) | 33 (21.2) | 16 (34.0) | 4 (12.1) | 0.055 |
| HDLb, n (%) | |||||
| >75th percentile | 191 (80.9) | 122 (78.2) | 44 (93.6) | 25 (75.8) | 0.046 |
| Triglyceridesb, n (%) | |||||
| >75th percentile | 133 (56.4) | 85 (54.5) | 33 (70.2) | 15 (45.5) | 0.064 |
| Urine Albuminc n (%) | 0.963 | ||||
| Normal (<30 mg/L) | 213 (90.3) | 141 (90.4) | 42 (89.4) | 30 (90.9) | |
| Microalbuminuria (30–299 mg/L) | 22 (9.3) | 14 ( 9.0) | 5 (10.6) | 3 (9.1) | |
| Macroalbuminuria (≥300 mg/L) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
aHbA1c is high if ≥ 8.5 % (69 mmol/mol) for < 6 years of age; ≥ 8.0 % (64 mmol/mol) for 6 – 12 years of age; ≥ 7.5 % (58 mmol/mol) for 13 – 19 years of age [2]
bPercentile categories are based from Gender and Age specific norms [19]
cUrine albumin was reported in mg/L; normal was < 30 mg/L, microalbuminuria was defined as ≥ 30 and < 300 mg/L, and macroalbuminuria was defined as ≥ 300 mg/L [20]