Table 2. Bivariate Associations Between Early Risk Factors and Overweight Trajectories from 6–12 years (n = 1552).
| Overweight Trajectories | p value b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk Factors [n, (%)] or [mean, (SD) a ] | Never | Late-onset | Early-onset | |
| n = 1103 | n = 256 | n = 192 | ||
| Perinatal (gestation—1.5 yrs) | ||||
| Male sex | 520(47.1) | 140(54.5) | 83(43.2) | 0.04 |
| Size for gestational age | ||||
| average | 903(83) | 201(79.9) | 150(78.7) | |
| small | 100(9.2) | 14(5.4) | 13(6.9) | 0.0006 |
| large | 84(7.7) | 37(14.7) | 27(14.4) | |
| Birth Rank | ||||
| 1st | 491(44.5) | 102(39.8) | 90(46.9) | |
| 2nd | 436(39.5) | 118(46.1) | 76(39.6) | 0.33 |
| 3rd or more | 176(16.0) | 36(14.1) | 26(13.5) | |
| Breastfed | ||||
| not at all | 296(26.9) | 65(25.6) | 57(30.5) | |
| < 3 mo. | 267(24.3) | 68(26.8) | 51(27.3) | 0.49 |
| > = 3 mo. | 538(48.9) | 121(47.6) | 79(42.2) | |
| Average infancy weight gain (birth-1.5 yrs.), g a | 468.99(81.81) | 491.76(82.88) | 510.89(92.32) | <0.001 |
| Mother smoked during pregnancy | 266(24.2) | 76(29.6) | 65(34.0) | 0.008 |
| Mother had gestational diabetes | 242(21.9) | 58(22.7) | 50(25.9) | 0.48 |
| Parental Overweight | ||||
| no parent overweight | 477(43.5) | 64(25.8) | 43(23.0) | |
| one parent overweight | 508(46.3) | 109(44.0) | 83(44.4) | <0.001 |
| both parents overweight | 112(10.2) | 75(30.2) | 61(32.6) | |
| Early Childhood (5 mo–5 yrs) | ||||
| Preschool history of overweight (2.5–5 yrs) | 123(11.2) | 62(24.2) | 125(65.1) | <0.001 |
| Childcare (1.5–4yrs.) | ||||
| Parental Care | 187(18.9) | 50(21.6) | 35(20.3) | |
| Daycare | 275(27.8) | 81(35.1) | 55(32.0) | 0.16 |
| Relative | 122(12.3) | 27(11.7) | 18(10.5) | |
| Non-relative | 405(41.0) | 73(31.6) | 64(37.2) | |
| Aggressive behaviour (2.5–5 yrs) a | 1.87(1.08) | 2.08(1.24) | 1.94(1.12) | 0.02 |
| DAS symptoms (2.5–5 yrs) a | 1.24(0.92) | 1.38(1.10) | 1.19(0.85) | 0.05 |
| Mean Difficult Temperament (5 mo., 1.5 yrs) a | 2.55(1.31) | 2.62(1.36) | 2.56(1.26) | 0.75 |
| Peer victimization, average score from 3.5–6 yrs a | 1.60(1.19) | 1.92(1.35) | 1.69(1.32) | 0.001 |
| Slept < 10 hrs per night, average from 2.5–5 yrs | 274(25.2) | 61(24.0) | 70(36.3) | 0.004 |
| Television viewing, average hours per week a | 11.37(5.47) | 12.38(5.57) | 13.00(6.90) | <0.001 |
| Sports lessons (with instructor) at age 5 | ||||
| once per week or more | 280(25.9) | 59(23.0) | 46(23.8)) | |
| one or two sessions | 104(9.4) | 26(10.1) | 15(7.8) | 0.81 |
| about once per month or less | 719(65.2) | 172(66.9) | 132(68.4) | |
| Dance/gymnastics/martial arts lessons at age 5 | ||||
| once per week or more | 244(22.1) | 54(21.0) | 44(22.8) | |
| one or two sessions | 94(8.5) | 21(8.2) | 11(5.7) | 0.26 |
| about once per month or less | 765(69.4) | 182(70.8) | 138(71.5) | |
| Free-time physical activity at age 5 | 204(18.5) | 42(16.4) | 31(16.1) | 0.59 |
| (less than once per week vs. more) | ||||
| Family and social environment (5 mo–5 yrs) | ||||
| Young mother (<21) | 161(15.1) | 53(21.3) | 46(24.3) | 0.002 |
| Mother's lifetime depression occurence | 258(23.8) | 49(19.4) | 38(20.0) | 0.20 |
| Mother's antisocial history a | 0.79(0.89) | 0.90(1.02) | 0.84(0.99) | 0.25 |
| Maternal affection towards child a | 9.66(0.72) | 9.68(0.62) | 9.71(0.65) | 0.61 |
| Maternal perceived impact a | 8.29(1.55) | 8.22(1.66) | 7.83(2.06) | 0.002 |
| Maternal efficacy a | 8.51(0.97) | 8.55(1.10) | 8.53(1.03) | 0.89 |
| Maternal overprotection a | 4.38(2.05) | 4.68(2.14) | 5.04(2.11) | <0.001 |
| Maternal hostile/aggressive parenting a | 2.93(1.62) | 3.01(1.58) | 2.67(1.41) | 0.07 |
| Mother did not obtain high school diploma | 192(17.4) | 61(23.7) | 51(26.6) | 0.002 |
| Family chronic poverty trajectory | 148(13.4) | 49(19.1) | 42(21.9) | 0.001 |
| Transient poverty trajectory | 162(14.7) | 45(17.6) | 37(19.3) | |
| Family ever food insufficient (1.5, 4.5 yrs) | 60(5.5) | 26(10.2) | 18(9.6) | 0.006 |
| Family not intact, ever (from 5 mo.-5 yrs) | 362(32.8) | 101(39.3) | 79(41.1) | 0.02 |
| Level of family functioning a | 1.54(1.28) | 1.66(1.28) | 1.77(1.22) | 0.04 |
| Neighborhood Social cohesion a | 1.83(0.45) | 1.90(0.45) | 1.89(0.45) | 0.06 |
| Neighborhood Social problems a | 1.17(0.25) | 1.24(0.30) | 0.21(0.27) | <0.001 |
| Immigrant status | 127(11.5) | 31(12.1) | 41(21.4) | 0.001 |
a frequency (n) and percentage (%) provided for categorical variables, mean and standard deviation (SD) for continuous/ordinal variables.
b P value determined using x2 test(categorical variables) or analysis of variance F test (continous/ordinal variables).