Fig. 4.

The trophic effects of conditioned medium (CM) of pulp, bone marrow, and adipose CD31⁻ side population (SP) cells in vitro. a The proliferative effect analyzed by using Tetra-color one® (*P < 0.01 versus 0.2 % bovine serum albumin (BSA)-treated). b The migratory effect analyzed by TAXIScan-FL® (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, versus adipose; ^† P < 0.05, ^†† P < 0.01, versus bone marrow; ^## P < 0.01, versus 0.2 % BSA-treated). c The anti-apoptotic activities. The relative percentages of viable and apoptotic cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Note the significantly higher anti-apoptotic effect of pulp CD31⁻ SP cells compared with CM from bone marrow and adipose CD31⁻ SP cells (^## P < 0.01, versus non-treated; **P < 0.01, versus pulp CM). d-g The angiogenic effect compared among the three CM analyzed by immunocytochemistry with vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin. h Ratio of VE-cadherin-positive cell numbers to the total cell numbers. (**P < 0.01). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three determinations. The experiments were repeated three times. Only one representative experiment is presented. AD, Adipose; BM, Bone marrow; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor