Table 4.

Tobacco use (current and former)

Study	LOE	MINORS	Number of hips	Mean age, years (range)	Mean followup, years (range)	Revision because of wear (%)	Overall aseptic loosening rate	Outcomes
Kapadia et al. [19]	III	6	110	55 (35–84)	4 (2–6)	5/1+	1	Nonsmoker group was 99% (1% revision rate), survivorship which was significantly higher than 92% (5% revision rate survivorship among the smokers (p = 0.0011)
Khan et al. [21]	IV	7	1767	69 (NR)	NR (5 to NR)	0.8/1.5/1.3*	NR	No significant difference in the revision rates between nonsmokers (0.8%), current smokers (1.5%), and exsmokers (1.3%) (p = 0.67)
Meldrum et al. [35]	IV	6	165	61 (21–83)	NR (5 to NR)	11.8/1.9+	NR	Revision rate 11.8% smokers vs. 1.9% nonsmokers; p = 0.0012

MINORS = Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies; LOE = level of evidence; NR = not reported.

⁺Revision rates of smokers and nonsmokers; *revision rates for nonsmokers, smokers, and exsmokers.