Table 1. Summary of the causal relationship between multistep tumorigenesis and glycomic alterations.

Observed phenomena	TERT	SV40ER	H-RasV12	MyrAKT	(Possible) Causal gene(s)
Total N-glycans	↑	↓↓	→	→	various
Pauci-mannose type N-glycans	↑↑	↓↓	↑	↓	unidentified
N-glycans with multiple fucose	→	↑↑	↓↓	↑	various FUTs
N-glycans with bisect GlcNAc	→	→	↑↑↑	↓↓↓	MGAT3
N-glycans with β1–6 linked GlcNAc	↑	↓	→	↓	MGAT5
N-glycans with β1–6 linked GlcNAc (relative abundance in total C/H glycans)	→	↑	→	→	MGAT5 etc
N-glycans with monoantennary glycans	↑↑	↓↓↓	↑	→	MGAT2
Proportion of α2,6 sialic acids of total sialic acids in A1 and A2	↓	→	↑	↓	ST6GAL I, II, ST3GAL III, IV
Proportion of α2,6 sialic acids of total sialic acids in A1F and A2F	↓↓	↓↓↓	↑↑↑	↓↓↓	ST6GAL I, II, ST3GAL III, IV
N-glycans with Neu5Gc (%)	↑↑↑	↑	↑	↓	lysosomal sialic acid transporter/ lysosomal sialidase
Total neutral O-glycans	↓↓	↑↑	↓↓	↑	various SIATs
Disialylated O-glycans (mostly disialyl T)	↓	↓↓	↑↑	↓	ST6GALNAC
O-glycans with core2	↓	→	↓↓↓	↑↑	B3GNT3 or GCNT1, 3, 4
O-glycans with Neu5Gc	→	↑↑↑	→	→	lysosomal sialic acid transporter/ lysosomal sialidase
Total GSL glycans	→	↓↓	↓	↑↑	various
LacCer	↑↑↑	↓↓↓	↑↑↑	↓↓	UGCG/B4GALT6
Total ganglio-series GSL glycans	→	↓↓	↓↓↓	↑	balance of ST3GAL5, B4GALNT1, A4GALT and B3GNT5
GM3	↓	→	↓↓	↑	ST3GAL5
GM2	↓	↓	↓↓↓	↑	B4GALNT1
GM1	→	↓↓	↓↓	→	B3GALT4
GD3	↑↑↑	↓↓↓	↑	→	SIAT8A
GD1	↑	↓↓	↓↓↓	↑↑	B3GALT4
Total globo-series GSL glycans	↓	↑↑↑	↑↑	↑↑	balance of ST3GAL5, B4GALNT1, A4GALT and B3GNT5
Gb3	↑↑↑	↑↑↑	↑↑	↑	A4GAT
Gb4	↓↓	↑↑↑	↑↑	↑	B3GALNT1
SSEA-4	→	↓	↑↑↑	↓	ST8SIA1
Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1–3)GalNAcβ1-3Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glc	→	↑↑↑	↑↑↑	↓↓↓	GNTs and GALTs
Total lacto-series GSL glycans	→	↓↓	→	↑↑↑	balance of ST3GAL5, B4GALNT1, A4GALT and B3GNT5
Lc-series glycans with fucose	↓↓↓	↑↑↑	↓↓	↑↑↑	various FUTs
Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-3Galβ1-4Glc	→	↓↓	↑↑↑	↓↓	GNTs and GALTs
GSL glycans with sialic acid(s)	→	↓↓	↓↓	↑↑↑	various SIATs
GSL glycans with Neu5Gc	→	↑↑	↑	→	balance of ST3GAL5, B4GALNT1, A4GALT and B3GNT5

Increase by 1.25–2-fold (↑), 2–5-fold (↑↑), and > 5-fold (↑↑↑). Decrease by 0.5–0.75-fold (↓), 0.2–0.5-fold (↓↓), and < 0.2-fold (↓↓↓). The increase and decrease is within 0.75-fold and 1.25-fold (→)