Table 4.
Biochemical profile of the soccer players at baseline and after 90 days of supplementation.
| Astaxanthin | Placebo | ANOVA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before supplementation | After supplementation | Before supplementation | After supplementation | T | S | T × S | |
| AST (U/L)† | 37.5 (29.2–48.1) | 23.8 (20.1–28.1)∗∗∗ | 41.0 (35.7–47.0) | 28.7 (24.5–33.6)∗∗ | 0.001 | <0.05 | ns |
| ALT (U/L)† | 21.1 (16.8–25.6) | 18.9 (15.6–21.6) | 20.7 (18.6–22.5) | 19.2 (16.1–22.6) | ns | ns | ns |
| CK (U/L)† | 448 (330–608) | 248 (172–360)∗∗ | 525 (283–974) | 367 (244–552) | <0.01 | ns | ns |
| LDH (U/L)‡ | 418.3 ± 13.8 | 303.5 ± 10.3∗∗ | 441.2 ± 17.5 | 359.4 ± 15.8∗ | <0.001 | <0.05 | ns |
| UA (μmol/L)† | 330.3 ± 19.1 | 300.4 ± 14.0 | 346.5 ± 20.9 | 315.9 ± 15.5 | <0.05 | ns | ns |
| Cre (μmol/L)† | 129.6 ± 2.1 | 126.5 ± 2.2 | 133.1 ± 2.3 | 130.5 ± 2.4 | <0.05 | ns | ns |
| hs-CRP (mg/L)† | 1.35 (1.00–1.82) | 1.19 (0.89–1.59) | 1.26 (0.89–1.78) | 1.98 (1.24–3.17) | ns | ns | 0.05 |
| CHOL (mmol/L)‡ | 4.28 ± 0.20 | 4.39 ± 0.24 | 4.54 ± 0.28 | 4.50 ± 0.27 | ns | ns | ns |
| HDL-C (mmol/L)‡ | 1.27 ± 0.19 | 1.30 ± 0.05 | 1.29 ± 0.07 | 1.31 ± 0.06 | ns | ns | ns |
| LDL-C (mmol/L)‡ | 2.63 ± 0.19 | 2.73 ± 0.20 | 2.97 ± 0.24 | 2.91 ± 0.25 | ns | ns | ns |
| TG (mmol/L)‡ | 0.84 ± 0.12 | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.95 ± 0.14 | 0.70 ± 0.09 | ns | ns | ns |
‡Mean ± SE.; †Geometric mean values (95th confidence interval). ANOVA: T-training, S-supplementation, and T × S-training and supplementation interaction effect. The difference in relation to baseline was significant at p < 0.05 (∗), p < 0.01 (∗∗), and p < 0.001 (∗∗∗).